美歐貿易協定的贏家和輸家是誰？ （2/2）

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

Who are the winners and losers in US-EU trade deal? (2/2)

BBC News - James FitzGerald and Tom Geoghegan -

Mon, July 28, 2025 at 6:14 a.m. PDT·6 min read

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Carmakers in Germany - loser

The tariff faced by importers bringing EU cars to the US has been nearly halved, from the rate of 27.5% that was imposed by Trump in April to a new rate of 15%.

Cars are one of the EU's top exports to the US. And as the largest manufacturer of cars in the EU - thanks to VW, Mercedes and BMW - Germany will have been watching closely.

Its leader, Friedrich Merz, has welcomed the new pact, while admitting that he would have welcomed a "further easing of transatlantic trade".

That downbeat sentiment was echoed by the German carmaking trade body, the VDA, which warned that even a rate of 15% would "cost the German automotive industry billions annually".

Carmakers in the US - winner

Trump is trying to boost US vehicle production. American carmakers received a boost when they learned that the EU was dropping its own tariff on US-made cars from 10% to 2.5%. Theoretically that could result in more American cars being bought in Europe.

That could be good for US sales overseas, but the pact is not all good news when it comes to domestic sales. That is down to the complex way that American cars are put together.

Many of them are actually assembled abroad - in Canada and Mexico - and Trump subjects them to a tariff of 25% when they are brought into the US. That compares with a lower tariff rate of 15% on EU vehicles. So US car makers may now fear being undercut by European manufacturers.

EU pharmaceuticals - loser

There is confusion around the tariff rate that will be levied on European-made drugs being bought in the US. The EU wants drugs to be subject to the lowest rate possible, to benefit sales.

Trump said pharmaceuticals were not covered by the deal announced on Sunday, under which the rate on a number of products was lowered to 15%. But von der Leyen said they were included, and a White House source confirmed the same to the BBC.

Either scenario will represent disappointment for European pharma, which initially hoped for a total tariffs exemption. The industry currently enjoys high exposure to the US marketplace thanks to products like Ozempic, a star type-2 diabetes drug made in Denmark.

This has been highlighted in Ireland, where opposition parties have pointed out the importance of the industry and criticised the damaging effect of uncertainty.

US energy - winner

Trump said the EU will purchase $750bn (£558bn, €638bn) in US energy, in addition to increasing overall investment in the US by $600bn.

"We will replace Russian gas and oil with significant purchases of US LNG [liquified natural gas], oil and nuclear fuels," said Von der Leyen.

This will deepen links between European energy security and the US at a time when it has been pivoting away from importing Russian gas since its full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Aviation industry in EU and US - winner

Von der Leyen said that some "strategic products" will not attract any tariffs, including aircraft and plane parts, certain chemicals and some agricultural products.

That means firms making components for aeroplanes will have friction-free trade between the huge trading blocs.

She added that the EU still hoped to get more "zero-for-zero" agreements, notably for wines and spirits, in the coming days.

Translation

 美歐貿易協定的贏家和輸家是誰？(2/2）

（繼續）

德國汽車製造商 -- 輸家

歐盟汽車進口到美國的進口商將面臨的關稅幾乎減半，從特朗普4月實施的27.5%降至15%。

汽車是歐盟對美國的主要出口產品之一。德國作為歐盟最大的汽車製造商 - 基於大眾、賓士和寶馬 - 一直密切關注著發展。

德國領導人 Friedrich Merz 對這項新協議表示歡迎，同時也承認他歡迎去「進一步放寬跨大西洋的貿易」。

德國汽車製造業貿易協會（VDA）也表達了類似的悲觀情緒，並警告稱，即使15%的關稅也將「使德國汽車產業每年損失數十億美元」。

美國汽車製造商 -- 贏家

特朗普正試圖提高美國汽車產量。當美國汽車製造商得知歐盟將把對美國產汽車的關稅從10%降至2.5%時，他們受到了提振。理論上，這可能會增加歐洲對美國汽車的購買量。

這可能有利於美國汽車的海外銷售，但就美國國內銷售而言，該協議並非全是好消息。這歸因於美國汽車的複雜組合。

許多美國汽車實際上是在國外組裝的 - 例如加拿大和墨西哥 - 而特朗普對進入美國的汽車徵收25%的關稅。相比之下，歐盟汽車的關稅僅15%。因此，美國汽車製造商現在可能擔心被歐洲製造商以更低的價格搶佔市場。

歐盟製藥業 -- 輸家

在美國購買歐洲製造的藥品將徵收多少關稅仍存在爭議。歐盟希望藥品的稅率盡可能低，以促進銷售。

特朗普表示，藥品不在周日宣布的協議範圍內，根據該協議，多種產品的關稅降至15%。但馮德萊恩表示，藥品已包含在內，一位白宮消息人士也向BBC 證實了這個消息。

無論哪種情況，歐洲製藥業都將感到失望，他們最初希望獲得完全的關稅豁免。目前，由於丹麥生產的耀眼的第2型糖尿病藥物Ozempic等產品，該產業在美國市場上享有很高的曝光率。

這一點在愛爾蘭尤為突出，愛爾蘭反對黨指出了該行業的重要性，並批評不確定性帶來的破壞性影響。

美國能源 -- 贏家

特朗普表示，歐盟將購買價值7,500億美元（5,580億英鎊，6,380億歐元）的美國能源產品，此外還將增加 6,000億美元的對美投資。

馮德萊恩表示： “我們將大量購買美國液化天然氣（LNG）、石油和核燃料，以取代俄羅斯的天然氣和石油。”

這將加深歐洲能源安全與美國之間的聯繫，因為自俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭以來，歐洲一直在減少進口俄羅斯天然氣。

歐盟和美國的航空業 -- 贏家

馮德萊恩表示，一些「戰略產品」將免徵關稅，包括飛機和飛機零件、某些化學品以及一些農產品。

這意味著製造飛機零件的公司將在這兩個龐大的貿易集團之間進行無摩擦的貿易。

她補充說，歐盟仍然希望在未來幾天達成更多「零對零」協議，特別是針對葡萄酒和烈酒的協議。

So, the US and EU have struck what is being perceived as the largest trade deal in history. It actually resembles the framework for an agreement rather than a full trade deal, with details still unclear. But the headline figures announced by US President Donald Trump and EU chief Ursula von der Leyen do offer clues about which areas could be hit hardest or have the most to gain.