Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:
The US and Europe are still doing billions of dollars’
worth of business with Russia despite years of war (2/2)
Lauren Kent, CNN
Thu, August 14, 2025 at 5:03 a.m. PDT 8 min read
(continue)
European trade with Russia:
• Oil: Russia was the largest supplier of petroleum to the
European Union prior to Moscow’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The EU has
since imposed a ban on maritime Russian oil imports, as well as refined oil
products, like diesel. As a result, oil imports to Europe fell to $1.72 billion
(1.48 billion euros) for the first quarter of 2025, down from $16.4 billion
(14.06 billion euros) in the same quarter of 2021, according to the most recent
data from Eurostat.
• Natural gas: The value of natural gas imports from Russia actually increased in the last four years as a result of price increases, growing to $5.23 billion (4.49 billion euros) in the first quarter of 2025, Eurostat data shows. However, the EU has slightly reduced Russia’s market share of liquefied natural gas imports since 2021 – from 22% down to 19% in 2025 – while also greatly increasing the US market share.
• Iron and steel: Russia’s share of iron and steel imports in the EU has dropped sharply. Iron and steel imports amounted to $850 million (730 million euros) in the first quarter of 2025 – about half of what they were in the same quarter in 2021, according to Eurostat.
• Fertilizer: Sanctions and import duties have not hit the fertilizer industry, and as a result, European imports of Russian fertilizer have changed very little since 2021. In the first quarter of 2025, EU countries imported $640 million (550 million euros) of Russian fertilizer, data shows.
• Nickel: The EU has diversified imports to rely more on nickel from the United States, Norway, the United Kingdom and Canada. Still, the bloc imported $300 million (260 million euros) worth of nickel from Russia in the first quarter of 2025. Nickel is primarily used to make stainless steel and other alloy steels, as well as batteries.
Hundreds of Western firms still in Russia
Beyond imports and exports of commodities, many Western
companies remain entrenched in Russia.
Some notable American-based holdouts continue to operate in Russia, including top 100 companies, according to lists compiled by the Yale School of Management and the Kyiv School of Economics Institute.
Dozens of European businesses, including consumer-facing brands, retailers and software companies, have also remained in Russia.
The amount of tax revenue that Western companies generate for the Kremlin is relatively small, but analysts say the companies that remain have allowed aspects of normal life to continue for the Russian population.
Corporate exits serve to bring the war closer to the Russian people and confront their “complacency,” as well as make it more difficult for Putin to paint a picture of a well-functioning economy, said Yale School of Management’s Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, whose large team of researchers keeps track of which companies have left.
“It’s an imploding market – it was never an economic superpower to start with – which is just a lot of smoke and mirrors, a lot of bravado on the part of Putin to try to create an aura of something bigger,” Sonnenfeld told CNN.
India’s and China’s energy imports
In contrast to the reduction in trade with Moscow seen in
the United States and EU, India imported $67 billion worth of goods from Russia
in 2024, according to data aggregated by the United Nations. Roughly $53
billion worth of that was petroleum oils and crude oil.
Before the full-scale war, in 2021, India imported $8.7 billion worth of goods from Russia.
India’s imports of Russian oil and gas have skyrocketed since before the war began. Russian oil now makes up 36% of the Indian market, according to Vortexa, an energy data firm, meaning it imports more crude oil from Russia than from anywhere else.
China imported roughly $130 billion in Russian goods in 2024, including $62.6 billion of petroleum oils and crude, the UN-aggregated data shows.
Translation
儘管多年戰爭，美國和歐洲仍在與俄羅斯進行着價值數十億美元的貿易往來 (2/2)
歐洲與俄羅斯的貿易：
• 石油：在莫斯科全面入侵烏克蘭之前，俄羅斯是歐盟最大的石油供應國。此後，歐盟對俄羅斯海上石油以及柴油等精煉石油產品實施了進口禁令。因此，根據歐盟統計局的最新數據，2025年第一季度，歐洲的石油進口額從2021年同期的164億美元（140.6億歐元）降至17.2億美元（14.8億歐元）。
根據國際研究機構能源與清潔空氣研究中心的分析，2025年7月，歐洲進口俄羅斯化石燃料的主要國家為匈牙利、法國、斯洛伐克、比利時和西班牙。分析又顯示，匈牙利和斯洛伐克佔了原油進口的絕大部分，其他國家則主要進口液化天然氣。
• 天然氣：歐盟統計局的數據顯示，由於價格上漲，過去四年從俄羅斯進口的天然氣價值實際上有所增加，到2025年第一季增長至52.3億美元（44.9億歐元）。然而，自2021年以來，歐盟略微降低了俄羅斯在液化天然氣進口市場的份額，從22%降至2025年的19%，同時大幅增加了美國的進口份額。
•鐵和鋼：俄羅斯在歐盟進口鋼鐵的份額急劇下降。根據歐盟統計局的數據，2025年第一季，鋼鐵進口額為8.5億美元（7.3億歐元），約2021年同季的一半。
• 化肥：制裁和進口關稅並未對化肥產業造成衝擊，因此，自2021年以來，歐洲對俄羅斯化肥的進口量幾乎沒有變化。數據顯示，2025年第一季度，歐盟國家進口了價值6.4億美元（5.5億歐元）的俄羅斯化肥。
• 鎳：歐盟已實現進口多元化，更依賴來自美國、挪威、英國和加拿大的鎳。儘管如此，歐盟在2025年第一季仍從俄羅斯進口了價值3億美元（2.6億歐元）的鎳。鎳主要用於製造不銹鋼和其他合金鋼以及電池。
有數百家西方公司仍在俄羅斯
除了進出口大宗商品外，許多西方公司仍紮根於在俄羅斯。
根據耶魯大學管理學院和基輔經濟學院研究所彙編的榜單，一些美國著名的不願意妥協分子仍在俄羅斯運營，其中包括排名前100的公司。
數十家歐洲企業，包括面向消費者的品牌、零售商和軟件公司，也留在了俄羅斯。
西方公司為克里姆林宮創造的稅收收入相對較少，但分析師表示，留下來的公司讓俄羅斯民眾得以繼續維持各個層面的正常生活。
耶魯大學管理學院的 Jeffrey Sonnenfeld 表示，企業撤離有助於讓俄羅斯民眾更深入地了解戰爭，並挑戰他們的“自滿情緒” ，同時也使普京更難描繪出一個運作良好的經濟圖。 Sonnenfeld 的大型研究團隊一直在追蹤哪些公司已經撤離。
Sonnenfeld 告訴CNN: 「這是一個正在崩潰的市場 - 它從一開始就不是經濟超級大國 - 這只是一堆障眼法，是普京為了營造更大影響力而耍的虛張聲勢」。
印度和中國的能源進口
對比成鮮明的美國和歐盟與莫斯科貿易額減少是，根據聯合國總的數據，2024年印度從俄羅斯進口了價值670億美元的商品。其中約530億美元是石油和原油。
在全面戰爭爆發前的2021年，印度從俄羅斯進口了價值87億美元的商品。
自戰爭爆發以來，印度對俄羅斯石油和天然氣的進口量飆升。根據能源數據公司 Vortexa 的數據，俄羅斯石油目前佔印度市場的36%，這意味著印度從俄羅斯進口的原油比從其他地方進口的都多。
2022年莫斯科全面入侵烏克蘭後，中國也增加了俄羅斯原油的採購。西方國家大幅減少對俄羅斯燃料的進口後，俄羅斯原油價格下跌。根據nVortexan的數據，俄羅斯目前佔中國原油進口量的13.5%。
聯合國總數據顯示，2024年中國進口了約1,300億美元的俄羅斯商品，其中包括626億美元的石油和原油。
So, while President Donald Trump
is threatening an additional tariff on India as well as higher tariffs on other
countries that buy Russian oil as an attempt to pressure Moscow to end the war
in Ukraine, the United States and Europe themselves are still doing billions of
dollars in trade with Russia although that’s a fraction of the trade that took
place before the war. It is also noted that some large American-based companies
continue to operate in Russia. Apparently, trade war is not very effective in stopping
Russian from continuing its war in Ukraine.
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