Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:
現生人類の脳の化学組成、古代の人類に対して競争上の優位を保持か 新研究
2025.08.30 Sat posted at 17:20 JST
(CNN) 現代の人類は進化の生存者であり、世代を重ねるごとに繁栄を続けてきた一方、我々の古代の親戚は絶滅した。我々の脳の化学組成に関する新たな研究によれば、ホモ・サピエンス(現生人類)に特有の酵素が、絶滅した我々の最も近い親戚よりも効率的な水の探知能力を我々に与えた可能性が示唆されている。
この酵素は、DNAやRNAの構成要素であるプリン体の生成に不可欠な成分だ。現代人でADSLが欠損すると、多動性や攻撃性といった行動異常につながる可能性がある。科学者は、たった一つのアミノ酸の変化が我々の行動にどのような影響を与えるのかを調査した。研究結果は学術誌「米国科学アカデミー紀要(PNAS)」に掲載された。
沖縄科学技術大学院大学(OIST)のヒト進化ゲノミクスユニットのシァンチュン・ジュ博士は「太古の昔からの小さな遺伝子変化が、我々を人間たらしめる脳の特徴の形成にどのように役立ったかを明らかにすることは非常に興味深い」と述べた。
水との親和性
これまでの研究では、現代人の変異したADSLによって酵素の安定性が低下してプリン生成の効率が低下することが示されていた。それに比べると、ネアンデルタール人やデニソワ人が持っていたオリジナルのADSLは特定のたんぱく質分子の合成をさらに効率的に行える。現生人類では、これらの分子は臓器、特に脳に蓄積する。
これが行動にどう影響するかを知るために、マウスを使った実験が行われた。マウスの一部は、人間のADSLを模倣して、効率の低いADSLを持つよう遺伝子操作された。
これらの「ヒト化」されたマウスと、改変されていない対照群のマウスを、まず12日間にわたって徐々に水へのアクセスを制限し、その後、音と光で合図して水を飲めるようにする実験を行った。すると、ヒト型の酵素を持つ雌のマウスは、のどがかわいたときに水が供給される場所を、より頻繁に訪れることがわかった。
科学者は、この効率の低いバージョンのADSLは水へのアクセスに肯定的な影響を与え、この重要な資源に対する現生人類の競争力を高めたのではないかと仮説を立てた。
二つ目の調査では、現代人類のゲノムを調べ、人間に特有の酵素を生成するADSL遺伝子に焦点を当てた。
研究では、少なくとも97%の現代人が持つ遺伝子変異のクラスターを発見した。この変異はADSLのRNA発現効率をさらに低下させ、行動への影響を増幅させる可能性がある。研究によれば、この遺伝子は、進化の過程で人間に有利とされたゲノム領域に位置しており、ADSL発現のこの変化が人間に何らかの利点をもたらした可能性が高いために受け継がれてきたことを示唆しているという。
シカゴ大学の人類遺伝学助教のマーナサ・ラガバン博士は「このような研究を通じて、現代人を独特たらしめる遺伝的変化を特定する段階から、それらの変化がどのように我々の独自性を形作ったのかを理解する段階へと移行しつつあることは、実に刺激的だ」と述べた。ラガバン氏は今回の研究に関与していない。
ネアンデルタール人のゲノムの全容は2010年に初めて解読され、その2年後にはデニソワ人のゲノムも解読された。アフリカやアジア、欧州にひろがる現代人の遺伝子データと比較することで、他のヒト族が絶滅する一方で現代人が成功するのに役立った可能性のある行動を特定している。
Translation
New Study Shows Modern Human Brain Chemistry May Have Retained
a Competitive Advantage Over Ancient Hominin
2025.08.30 Sat Posted at 5:20 PM JST
(CNN) Modern humans were evolutionary survivors, thriving with each generation while our ancient relatives became extinct. A new study of our brain chemistry suggested that an enzyme unique to Homo sapiens (modern humans) may had given us a more efficient water-seeking ability than our closest extinct relatives.
Approximately 600,000 years ago, modern human genetically
diverged from the lineage that gave rise to Neanderthals and Denisovans, our
closest relatives on the human family tree. At some point after this
divergence, an enzyme called adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) evolved differently
in modern humans. In respect of the enzyme's 484-amino acid chain, the amino
acid alanine at position 429 was replaced by valine. This small change resulted
in the creation of a type of ADSL unique to modern human.
This enzyme was essential for the production of purines, as
the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Deficiency of ADSL in modern human could
lead to behavioral abnormalities such as hyperactivity and aggression.
Scientists investigated how a single amino acid change might affect our
behavior. Their findings were published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Dr. Xiang-Chun Ju of the Human Evolutionary Genomics Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) said, "It is fascinating to understand how small genetic changes from ancient times helped shape the brain characteristics that define us as human."
Affinity to water
Previous research had shown that the mutated ADSL in modern
human would reduce the enzyme's stability, making purine synthesis less
efficient. In comparison, the original ADSL possessed by Neanderthals and
Denisovans allowed for more efficient synthesis of certain protein molecules.
In modern human, these molecules accumulated in organs, particularly the brain.
To understand how this affected behavior, experiments were
conducted using mice. Some of the mice were genetically engineered to have a
less efficient ADSL, mimicking the human ADSL.
In the experiment the "humanized" mice, along with unmodified control mice, were first gradually deprived of water over a 12-day period, and then were given access to water using sound and light cues. Female mice with the human enzyme were found to visit water sources more frequently when thirsty.
The scientists hypothesized that this less efficient version
of ADSL had a positive impact on access to water, this might have increased
modern humans' competitiveness for this important resource.
In a second study, the researchers examined the genomes of modern human, focusing on the ADSL gene, which produced an enzyme unique to humans.
The study discovered a cluster of genetic mutations were present in at least 97% of modern humans. This mutation might further reduce the expression efficiency RNA of ADSL, amplifying its behavioral effects. Research suggested that this gene was located in a genomic region that was favorable in humans during evolution, indicating that this change in ADSL expression was likely inherited because it offered some advantage to humans.
" Through studies like this, we're moving from the stage in identifying genetic changes that made modern humans unique to the stage in understanding how those changes shaped our uniqueness, it's exciting " said Dr. Maanasa Raghavan, assistant professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago. Raghavan was not involved in the research.
"This work raises intriguing questions about how our
ancestors, in an unstable environment and with limited resources, were able to
gain an advantage over contemporaries like Neanderthals and Denisovans,"
Raghavan said.
The Neanderthal genome was first fully sequenced in 2010, followed two years later by the Denisovan genome. By comparing genetic data from modern humans across Africa, Asia, and Europe, the researchers identified behaviors that might have helped modern humans succeed while other hominin groups became extinct.
OIST's Dr. Ju said, "This study further solidifies the
view that many of the changes that have occurred in modern humans are affecting
the development and function of our brains"; "This will be a step
toward understanding these changes and ultimately how they work together."
So, modern
human are evolutionary survivors and thrive with each generation while our
ancient relatives become extinct. A new study suggests that an enzyme unique to
Homo sapiens may have given modern human a more efficient water-detecting
ability than our closest extinct relatives.
Note:
1. Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) is
a crucial enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. It executes two
β-elimination reactions: converting adenylosuccinate into AMP (adenosine
monophosphate) and fumarate, and likewise transforming SAICAR
(succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide) into AICAR (aminoimidazole
carboxamide ribotide) and fumarate. (ChatGPT)
2. Gene expression is the process by which
information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional product—this can
be messenger RNA (mRNA), other functional RNA molecules (like tRNA or lncRNA),
or proteins. (ChatGPT)
3. A genomic region refers to any defined segment of
the genome—typically specified by its chromosomal location (e.g., chromosome
number, start and end positions). This could encompass one or more genes,
regulatory elements, repeat sequences, and more. (ChatGPT)
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