Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:
Hamas and Fatah agree to form a government. What does it
mean and who are these Palestinian groups? (1/2)
Jack Jeffery
Tue, July 23, 2024 at 11:35 a.m. PDT·4 min read
The Associated Press
RAMALLAH, West Bank (AP) — Palestinian factions and bitter
foes Hamas and Fatah signed a declaration in China vowing to form a unity
government to govern the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip following the end of
the Israel-Hamas war.
The agreement announced in Beijing on Tuesday, which also included 12 smaller Palestinian parties, could start the thawing of relations and potential reconciliation of the two heavyweights of Palestinian politics who have long been at odds over the governance of the Palestinian territories.
Israel has ruled out any initiative that would lead to Hamas or the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority governing Gaza, and the China deal offers only a broad outline on how Fatah and Hamas would work together.
Here is a look at the relationship between the two and the challenges that lie ahead.
An agreement between old Palestinian foes
The secular Fatah party and Hamas, a Sunni Islamist party, have been at loggerheads since the late 1980s.
Tensions between the two climaxed after the second Intifada, or uprising, that ended in 2005. Hamas narrowly won Palestinian legislative elections in 2006 and seized power in Gaza the following year in a violent takeover. During the fighting, Fatah members were arrested and some were killed.
Hamas has ruled Gaza since, though Israel’s campaign since Hamas' Oct. 7 attacks has driven it underground.
The Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority controls parts of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and has spent the last decade clamping down on dissent, rounding up and arresting Hamas members — many of whom are wanted by Israel — and posing little resistance to Israeli raids.
It is widely viewed as corrupt and many Palestinians consider it a subcontractor of the Israeli occupation because of their unpopular security coordination. Since the latest war in Gaza began, Israel has increased its operations in the West Bank and imposed sanctions on the Palestinian Authority.
Hamas and Fatah signed reconciliation agreements in Cairo, Egypt, in 2011, and 11 years later in Algiers, Algeria, but their provisions were never implemented.
The Beijing declaration calls for a Palestinian state based on borders that were in place before Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and east Jerusalem in a 1967 war. But it offers only the broadest outline as to how the two factions would work together and provides no timeframe for its implementation.
The deal also does not address the groups' diverging views on Israel; Hamas has long refused to officially recognize Israel, while the Palestinian Authority has recognized Israel since they signed peace deals in the early 1990s and it supports a two-state solution.
(to be continued)
Translation
約旦河西岸拉馬拉（美聯社）—巴勒斯坦各派以及哈馬斯和宿敵法塔赫在中國簽署了一份聲明，誓言在以色列與哈馬斯戰爭結束後組成一個聯合政府來管理被佔領的約旦河西岸和加沙走廊。
週二在北京宣布的協議還包括12個較小的巴勒斯坦政黨，該協議可能會開始解凍關係，並可能開啟巴勒斯坦政壇兩大重量級人物之間的和解，這兩個重量級人物長期以來在巴勒斯坦領土的治理問題上有分歧。
以色列排除了任何可能導致由哈馬斯或法塔赫去主導巴勒斯坦權力機構統治加薩的倡議，而中國協議僅提供了法塔赫和哈馬斯如何合作的大致輪廓。
以下是兩者之間的關係以及未來的挑戰。
巴勒斯坦宿敵之間達成的協議
世俗的法塔赫政黨和遜尼派伊斯蘭政黨哈馬斯自 20 世紀 80 年代末期以來一直不和。
在2005年結束的第二次暴動或起義之後，兩者之間的緊張關係達到高潮。 哈馬斯2006年以微弱優勢贏得了巴勒斯坦立法選舉，並於次年以暴力接管方式去奪取加沙的權力。 在戰鬥期間，法塔赫成員被捕，一些被人殺害。
此後，哈馬斯一直統治加沙，儘管以色列自哈馬斯 10 月 7 日襲擊以來的行動已使其轉入地下。
法塔赫主導的巴勒斯坦權力機構控制著以色列佔領的約旦河西岸部分地區，過去十年一直在鎮壓異議人士，圍捕和逮捕哈馬斯成員 - 其中許多人是以色列通緝的 - 並且對以色列的襲擊幾乎沒有做出抵抗。
它被廣泛認為是腐敗的，許多巴勒斯坦人認為它是以色列佔領的分包商，因為它們做出來的安全協作不受歡迎。自從最近加薩戰爭爆發以來，以色列加大了在約旦河西岸的行動，並對巴勒斯坦權力機構實施制裁。
哈馬斯和法塔赫於2011年在埃及開羅簽署和解協議，11年後又在阿爾及利亞阿爾及爾簽署和解協議，但其條款從未實施。
北京的聲明呼籲以以色列在1967年戰爭中佔領約旦河西岸、加沙走廊和東耶路撒冷之前的邊界為基礎建立巴勒斯坦國。但它只提供了兩個派別如何合作的最廣泛的輪廓，並沒有提供實施的時間表。
該協議也沒有解決各組織對以色列的不同看法；哈馬斯長期以來拒絕正式承認以色列，而巴勒斯坦權力機構自 1990 年代初簽署和平協議以來就承認以色列，並支持兩國解決方案。
（待續）
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