美國宇航局地圖顯示哪些國家真正在釋放和吸收二氧化碳

 Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:

Nasa map shows which countries are REALLY releasing and absorbing CO2

Rob Waugh - Contributor

Wed, March 8, 2023 at 4:33 a.m. PST

A Nasa diagram and video shows which countries are releasing and absorbing carbon dioxide around the world - based on satellite observations between 2015 and 2020.

The map shows which countries absorbed CO2 (via carbon ‘sinks’ such as forests) and which emitted it through household and industrial emissions (and other factors).

Countries where more carbon dioxide was removed than emitted appear as green depressions, while countries with higher emissions are tan or red and appear to pop off the page.

Both use data from an Earth-observing Nasa spacecraft, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, plus a network of surface-based observations.

The video and map are based on increases and decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (a ‘top down’ observation), which are used to calculate how much carbon dioxide was emitted and removed.

The OCO-2 mission was not specifically designed to estimate emissions from individual nations, but the findings from the 100-plus countries are well-timed.

The first Global Stocktake, a process to assess the world's collective progress toward limiting global warming, as specified in the 2015 Paris Agreement, takes place in 2023.

Karen St. Germain, director of Nasa's Earth Science Division at Nasa Headquarters in Washington says, "Nasa is focused on delivering Earth science data that addresses real world climate challenges - like helping governments around the world measure the impact of their carbon mitigation efforts.

 “This is one example of how Nasa is developing and enhancing efforts to measure carbon emissions in a way that meets user needs."

Traditional activity-based (or "bottom-up") approaches to carbon measurement rely on tallying and estimating how much carbon dioxide is being emitted across all sectors of an economy, such as transportation and agriculture.

Compiling them requires considerable resources, expertise, and knowledge of the extent of the relevant activities.

This is why developing a database of emissions and removals via a top-down approach could be especially helpful for nations that lack traditional resources for inventory development, the researchers say.

Philippe Ciais, a study author and research director at the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement in France said: "Although they cannot replace the detailed process understanding of traditional bottom-up methods, we can check both approaches for consistency."

The scientists' findings include data for more than 50 countries that have not reported emissions for at least the past 10 years.

The study provides a new perspective by tracking both fossil fuel emissions and the total carbon "stock" changes in ecosystems, including trees, shrubs, and soils.

The data is particularly useful for tracking carbon dioxide fluctuations related to land cover change.

Emissions from deforestation alone make up a disproportionate amount of total carbon output in the Global South, which encompasses regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

In other parts of the world, the findings indicate some reductions in atmospheric carbon concentrations via improved land stewardship and reforestation.

Translation

根據 2015 年至 2020 年期間的衛星觀測，美國國家航空航天局的圖表和短片顯示了全球哪些國家/地區正在釋放和吸收二氧化碳。

該地圖顯示了哪些國家吸收了二氧化碳（通過森林等碳 “匯” ），哪些國家通過家庭和工業排放（以及其他因素）排放了二氧化碳。

清除的二氧化碳多於排放的國家顯示為綠色窪地，而排放量較高的國家顯示為棕褐色或紅色，並而似乎從頁面上凸出。

兩者都使用來自美國宇航局地球觀測航天器、即軌道碳觀測站 2 (OCO-2) 任務,以及地面觀測網絡的數據。

動態影像和地圖基於大氣中二氧化碳濃度的增減（“自上而下”觀察），用於計算排放和清除的二氧化碳量。

OCO-2 任務並非專門用於估算個別國家的排放量，但 100 多個國家的調查結果恰逢其時。

根據 2015 年《巴黎協定》的規定，第一次全球盤點是評估世界在限制全球變暖方面取得的集體進展的過程，將於 2023 年舉行。

美國宇航局華盛頓總部地球科學部主任 Karen St. Germain 說： “美國宇航局專注於提供地球科學數據，以應對現實世界的氣候挑戰 - 比如幫助世界各國政府衡量其碳減排工作的影響。

“這是一個例子見美國宇航局如何開發和加強努力,以滿足用戶需求的方式去測量碳排放量。”

傳統的基於活動（或“自下而上”）的碳測量方法是依賴於統計和估算一個經濟體的所有部門, 例如交通和農業的二氧化碳量排放。

編制它們需要大量資源、專業知識和對相關活動範圍的了解。

研究人員說，這就是為什麼通過自上而下去開展發排放量及清除量的數據庫, 對於缺乏傳統資源開發清單的國家尤其有用。

法國氣候與環境科學實驗室的研究作者兼研究主任 Philippe Ciais 說： “雖然它們不能取代對傳統自下而上方法的詳細過程理解，但我們可以檢查這兩種方法的一致性。”

科學家的發現包括至少在過去 10 年未報告排放量的 50 多個國家的數據。

該研究通過跟踪化石燃料排放,和包括樹木、灌木和土壤生態系統中的總碳“儲量” 的變化, 提供了一個新看法。

這些數據對於跟踪與土地覆蓋變化相關的二氧化碳的波動特別有用。

在包括拉丁美洲、亞洲、非洲和大洋洲地區在內的全球南方，僅森林砍伐造成的碳排放, 就佔了不成比例的總碳排放量。

在世界其他地區，研究結果表明，通過改善土地管理和重新造林，大氣中的碳濃度有所降低。

              So, NASA is developing a database of emissions and removals via a top-down approach. The scientists' findings include data for more than 50 countries that have not reported emissions for at least the past 10 years. This study will provide a new perspective by tracking both fossil fuel emissions and the total carbon "stock" changes in ecosystems. It is a more effective tool in knowing carbon emission globally.

Note:

1. A forest is a carbon sink if it absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases. Carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. It then becomes deposited in forest biomass (that is, trunks, branches, roots and leaves), in dead organic matter (litter and dead wood) and in soils. ( https://unece.org/forests/carbon-sinks-and-sequestration)

2. The concept of Global North and Global South is used to describe a grouping of countries along the lines of socio-economic and political characteristics. The Global South is a term generally used to identify countries in the regions of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. (Wikipedia)