Recent Nikkei News on-line reported the following:
半導体装置23品目規制 中国への輸出、先端品難しく
経済
2023年3月31日 11:02
半導体は各国の産業競争力や安全保障を左右する
政府は31日、先端半導体の製造装置など23品目を輸出管理の規制対象に加えると発表した。中国向けの輸出が難しくなる。米国がスーパーコンピューターや人工知能（AI）に使う先端半導体の製造装置などで中国向けの輸出を厳しく制限しており、日本も足並みをそろえる。各国の産業競争力や安全保障を左右する半導体分野で世界の分断が深まってきた。
日本は外為法に基づき、武器など軍事向けに転用できる民生品の輸出を管理している。政府は外為法の省令を改正し、23品目を輸出管理の対象に追加する。輸出に経済産業相の事前の許可が必要になる。
省令改正に向けて31日にパブリックコメントの募集を始めた。改正は5月の公布、7月の施行を予定する。
省令改正では中国など特定国・地域を規制対象として名指ししない。西村康稔経産相は同日の閣議後の記者会見で「特定の国を念頭に置いたものではない」と話した。ただ、追加される23品目は友好国など42カ国・地域向けを除いて個別許可が必要になり、中国などへの輸出は事実上難しくなる。
23品目には極端紫外線（EUV）関連製品の製造装置や、記憶素子を立体的に積み上げるエッチング装置などが含まれる。演算用のロジック半導体の性能では、回路線幅10〜14ナノ（ナノは10億分の1）メートル以下の先端品の製造に必要な装置だ。
東京エレクトロンやSCREENホールディングス、ニコンなど10社程度が影響を受けるとみられる。西村氏は企業業績への打撃に関し「全体としての影響は限定的だ」と説明した。
米国が2022年10月に導入した規制は14〜16ナノメートル以下のロジック半導体の製造などに必要な装置や技術を米商務省の許可制にした。事実上、輸出を禁じることになった。米国は半導体製造装置に強みをもつ日本とオランダにも同調するよう求めてきた。日本は「独自措置」（経産省幹部）としつつも足並みをそろえる。
オランダのスフレイネマーヘル外国貿易・開発協力相は、半導体の輸出規制について「夏前にも輸出制限の対象を広げる」と話す。オランダは既にEUV露光装置の輸出を制限しており、最先端ではない深紫外線（DUV）露光装置の一部も輸出規制の対象に加える考えだ。
世界の半導体製造装置市場は首位の米アプライドマテリアルズ、2位のオランダのASML、3位の東京エレクトロンなどが競り合う。日本とオランダが米国と協調することで、先端半導体分野で民主主義陣営と中国との分断が鮮明になる。
日本が新たな規制を導入すれば中国が対抗措置をとるリスクがある。中国は22年12月、世界貿易機関（WTO）に対し、米国の先端半導体を巡る対中輸出規制が不当だと提訴した。
Translation
The semiconductors affecting the industrial competitiveness and security of individual country
The government announced on the 31st that it would add 23
items, including manufacturing equipment for advanced semiconductors, to the
list of export controls. Exports to China would become difficult. The United
States had severely restricted exports to China of advanced semiconductor
manufacturing equipment used in supercomputers and artificial intelligence
(AI), and Japan was following suit. In the semiconductor field the division in
the world had deepened, which affected the industrial competitiveness and security
of all countries.
Based on the Foreign Exchange and
Foreign Trade Act (外為法) , Japan controlled the export of
civilian goods that could be used for military purposes etc. The government would
revise the Ministerial Ordinance of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act by
adding 23 items to be subjected to export control. Exportation would require
prior permission from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.
Public comments were solicited on the 31st for the revision of the ministerial ordinance. The revision was scheduled to be promulgated in May and came into force in July.
The ministerial ordinance revision did not name specific countries and regions such as China as targets of regulation. At a press conference after the cabinet meeting on the same day, Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura (西村康稔)said, "There is no specific country in mind." However, the 23 additional items would require individual licenses, excluding those for 42 friendly countries and regions etc., making exports to China and other countries practically difficult.
The 23 items would include manufacturing equipment for extreme ultraviolet (EUV)-related products and including etching devices that stacked memory elements three-dimensionally. In terms of the efficiency of logic semiconductors for computation, it would be necessary for the manufacture of advanced products with circuit line widths of 10 to 14 nanometers (nano is 1/1 billion meters) or less.
About 10 companies, including Tokyo Electron, SCREEN Holdings, and Nikon, were expected to be affected. Nishimura said about the impact on corporate earnings, “The overall impact will be limited.”
The regulations introduced by the United States in October 2022 required the approval of the U.S. Department of Commerce on the equipment and technology that was needed for manufacturing logic semiconductors of 14 to 16 nanometers or less. In effect, exports were prohibited. The United States had asked Japan and the Netherlands, both of which had strengths in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, to follow suit. Japan would be in step with this move, even though it had said it would “take its own measures” (METI official).
Dutch Minister of Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation Schreinemacher said, "We will expand the scope of export restrictions before the summer." The Netherlands had already restricted the export of EUV lithography equipment, and planned to add some less-advanced deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography equipment to the export restrictions.
The global semiconductor manufacturing equipment market saw competition with US Applied Materials in the lead, in the second place ASML from the Netherlands, and in the third place Tokyo Electron etc. If Japan and the Netherlands cooperated with the United States, the division between the democratic camp and China would become clear in the field of advanced semiconductors.
If Japan introduced new regulations, there could be a risk that China could take countermeasures. In December 2010, China filed a lawsuit against the World Trade Organization (WTO), accusing the United States of cutting-edge semiconductor export restrictions on China.
So, Japan announces that it would add 23 items, including manufacturing equipment for advanced semiconductors, to the list of export controls. Exports to China will become difficult. Currently the global semiconductor manufacturing equipment market is dominated by the Applied Materials of the US, ASML of the Netherlands, and Tokyo Electron of Japan. A division between the democratic camp and China will become clear in the field of advanced semiconductors. The supply chain of advanced semiconductors will have a new look globally. Indeed, the division between the democratic camp and China in other fields are also appearing.
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