2025年2月2日 星期日

Over 170 nursing care business operators went bankrupt last year, the highest number ever, possibly due to rising prices

 Recently NHK News on-line reported the following:

介護事業者の倒産 去年170件余 過去最多に 物価高騰など影響か

2025年1月10日 6時09分

去年、全国で確認された介護事業者の倒産は合わせて170件余りと、これまでで最も多くなったことが信用調査会社のまとめで分かりました。倒産の要因として、介護職員の不足や物価の高騰などの影響が考えられるということです。

東京商工リサーチによりますと、去年1年間に確認された介護事業者の倒産は全国で172件と前の年から1.4倍増え、介護保険制度が始まった2000年以降で最も多くなりました。

内訳は、「訪問介護」が最も多く81件と全体の半数近くを占めています。

次いでデイサービスなどの「通所・短期入所」が56件、「有料老人ホーム」が18件などとなっています。

負債総額は合わせて229億円余りで、従業員数が10人未満の小規模な事業所が8割以上を占めています。

倒産の要因としては、介護職員が不足して事業が継続できないことや、コロナ禍で経営が悪化し、介護用品や光熱費などの高騰が追い打ちを掛けたことなどが考えられるということです。

東京商工リサーチは、「高齢化が進み介護の需要は高まっている一方で、地域によっては事業者の倒産で介護サービスが行き届かない所も出てきている。介護事業者どうしの協力や国などの支援が欠かせない状況だ」と指摘しています。

Translation

Over 170 nursing care business operators went bankrupt last year, the highest number ever, possibly due to rising prices

A credit research company had found that over 170 nursing care business operators went bankrupt nationwide last year, the highest number ever. The bankruptcies were thought to be due to factors such as a shortage of nursing care staff and a sharp rise in commodity prices.

According to Tokyo Shoko Research (東京商工リサーチ), there were 172 nursing care business operators that confirmed to have gone bankrupt nationwide last year, a 1.4-fold increase from the previous year, and the highest number since the long-term care insurance system began in 2000.

The breakdown was as follows: "Home care" was in the majority, with 81 cases, representing nearly half of the total.

Next were day services etc. " social welfare facility - short-term admission" with 56 cases, and "paid nursing homes" etc. with 18 cases.

The total debt amounted to over 22.9 billion yen, with more than 80% being small businesses with fewer than 10 employees.

Possible reasons for the bankruptcies included a shortage of care workers that made it impossible to continue business, a worsening business situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the further impact of soaring prices for care products and utilities.

Tokyo Shoko Research pointed out that "While the demand for care is increasing as the population ages, some regions are falling behind on care services due to the bankruptcy of some operators. The situation is that cooperation between care providers and supports from the government etc. are essential."

So, over 170 nursing care business operators went bankrupt nationwide last year, the highest number ever. Probably it is due to factors such as a shortage of nursing care staff and sharp rises in commodity prices. Apparently, the Japanese government should increase its budget in social welfare.

2025年2月1日 星期六

41% of global companies intend to cut staff by 2030 due to AI automation

 Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:

世界企業の41%、2030年までに人員削減の意向 AIによる業務自動化で

2025.01.09 Thu posted at 13:00 JST

ロンドン(CNN) 世界の大手企業の41%が、人工知能(AI)によって特定の作業が自動化されることに伴い、従業員の削減を考えていることがわかった。世界経済フォーラム(WEF)が8日、報告書を発表した。

報告書によれば、調査対象となった世界の大手企業数百社のうち77%が、AIとの連携強化のため、2025年から30年の間に既存の従業員の再教育やスキルアップを計画している。だが、23年に発表された報告書とは異なり、今年の報告書では、AIを含むほとんどの科学技術が雇用にとって「正味プラス」になるとは述べられていない。

WEFは、今月下旬の「ダボス会議」開催前に声明で、「AIと再生エネルギーの進展により(労働)市場が再形成されており、多くの科学技術や専門職に対する需要が増加する一方、グラフィックデザイナーなど他の職種に対する需要は減少している」と述べた。

WEFのマネジングディレクター、サーディア・ザヒディ氏は報告書の中で、あらゆる分野の産業や業務を再構築する生成AIの役割を強調した。生成AIは利用者からのプロンプトに応じて、独自の文章や画像などのコンテンツを作成することができる。

郵便局の事務員や重役の秘書、給与を計算する事務職などはAIの普及やその他の傾向にかかわらず、雇用主が今後数年で最も急速に人員が減少するとみている職種だ。

報告書によれば、グラフィックデザイナーと弁護士秘書の両方が、最も急速に減少している職種の上位10種のすぐ近い位置にいることはこれまでの報告書には見られなかった初めての予測であり、このことは生成AIの知的労働を遂行する能力が増大していることを示唆している可能性がある。

これとは対照的に、AIに関する技術への需要はますます高まっている。企業の約70%がAIのツールと拡張機能を設計する能力を持つ人材を新たに雇用する予定であり、62%はAIとの連携を強化するための技術を持つ人材をさらに雇用する考えだという。

報告書は楽観的な見方を示し、生成AIのような技術が仕事に与える主な影響について、特に人間中心の技術が引き続き重要であることを考えれば、完全な置き換えではなく、人間と機械の協業によって人間の技術を増強する可能性にあるかもしれないと指摘している。

Translation

41% of global companies intend to cut staff by 2030 due to AI automation

London (CNN) 41% of the world's largest companies were considering cutting staff as artificial intelligence (AI) automated certain tasks. The World Economic Forum (WEF) released a report on the 8th.

According to the report, 77% of hundreds of the world's largest companies surveyed plan to retrain or upskill existing employees between 2025 and 2030 to strengthen collaboration with AI. However, unlike the 2023 report, this year's report doid not state that most technologies, including AI, would be a "net positive" for employment.

In a statement ahead of the Davos Forum later this month, the WEF said, "Advances in AI and renewable energy are reshaping (labor) markets, increasing demand for many technology and professional roles while decreasing demand for other roles, such as graphic designers."

In the report, WEF Managing Director Saadia Zahidi highlighted the role of generative AI in reshaping industries and jobs across all sectors. Generative AI could generate unique text, images and other content in response to prompts from users.

Post office clerks, executive secretaries and payroll clerks were among the occupations that employers expected to lose the most rapidly over the next few years, regardless of the spread of AI and other trends.

The report also noted that both graphic designers and legal secretaries were in close proximity to the top 10 fastest declining occupations, this was a first-of-its-kind prediction that had not been seen in previous reports, which might suggest that Generative AI's ability to perform intellectual work was growing.

In contrast, AI-related skills were increasingly in demand. Around 70% of companies planned to hire new staff with the ability to design AI tools and expanded functionality, and 62% planned to hire more staff with skill in strengthening collaborations with AI.

The report took an optimistic stance, noting that the main impact of technologies such as generative AI on jobs might be its potential to augment human skills through human-machine collaboration rather than outright replacement, especially given the continued importance of human-centred technologies.

So, the World Economic Forum says that 41% of the world's largest companies are considering cutting staff as artificial intelligence will automate certain tasks. It also notes that the main impact of generative AI on jobs may be its potential to augment human skills through human-machine collaboration rather than outright replacement. Apparently, AI is changing how are we going about our lives.

2025年1月30日 星期四

中國引誘台灣人移居大陸引發台北擔憂

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

China Enticing Taiwanese to Live There Stirs Concern in Taipei

Bloomberg - Yian Lee

Sun, January 5, 2025 at 7:57 p.m. PST·2 min read

(Bloomberg) -- China’s efforts to entice more Taiwanese people to get permits to live and work on the mainland is prompting concern in Taipei that Beijing could be laying the groundwork to justify intervention in the self-governing island’s affairs, according to a senior Taiwanese official.

China’s efforts to promote the residence permit have recently intensified, especially when it comes to targeting Taiwanese people who’ve never traveled to the mainland, said the official, who asked not to be identified discussing a sensitive matter.

Taiwanese officials are concerned holders of this permit will be easier to convince to apply for China’s national citizen identification card and to swap their passports for those issued by Beijing, the official said. They worry that could in turn be used by the Chinese government to justify the need to “protect Chinese citizens” in Taiwan, said the official.

In 2018, China introduced this type of residence permit specifically for those from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau to make it easier for holders to live and work on the mainland. The permit also grants access to financial services and social benefits, and can be obtained without those from Taiwan having to renounce their Taiwanese citizenship.

China considers Taiwan part of its territory and has vowed to eventually bring the island under its control, even if by force. Ties between the two sides have become increasingly strained as of late after Lai Ching-te was elected Taiwan’s president in 2024. Beijing views Lai with great suspicion and has accused him of pursuing outright independence for Taiwan.

Asked about the Chinese residence permits after he delivered his New Year’s address last Wednesday, Lai responded by saying, “do not be tempted by short-term benefits and stray onto the wrong path, because democracy is priceless and freedom cannot be cashed in.”

Translation

中國引誘台灣人移居大陸引發台北擔憂

(彭博)—據一位台灣高級官員稱,中國為吸引更多台灣人獲得在大陸居住和工作的許可而做出的努力,引發了台北方面的擔憂,他們擔心北京可能正在為干涉台灣島自治事務奠定基礎。

這位因討論敏感話題而不願透露姓名的台灣官員表示,中國最近加大了居住證推廣力度,特別是針對那些從未去過大陸的台灣人。

這位官員說,台灣官員擔心,持有該許可證的人將更容易被說服申請中國公民身分證,並換發北京頒發的護照。這位官員說,他們擔心中國政府可能會利用這一點,為其需要「保護在台灣的中國公民」尋找藉口。

2018年,中國專門為台灣、香港和澳門居民推出了此類居住許可,以方便持有者在大陸生活和工作。該許可證還允許台灣人享受金融服務和社會福利,並且無需放棄台灣國籍亦可獲得該許可證。

中國認為台灣是其領土的一部分,並誓言即去使用武力, 也最終會將該島置於其控制之下。賴清德於 2024 年當選台灣總統後,兩岸關係近來愈發緊張。北京對賴抱持極大懷疑,並指責他推行徹底是台灣獨立。

上週三,賴清德在發表新年講話後被問及中國居住證問題,他回應說:“不要受短期利益誘惑而誤入歧途,民主無價,自由是不能用現金兌換的”。

              So, China’s efforts to entice more Taiwanese people to get permits to live and work on the mainland is causing concern in Taipei in that Beijing could be laying the groundwork to justify intervention in the self-governing island’s affairs. Apparently, it is a soft way for China to absorb Taiwan into its orbit. Anyway, it is much better than using military forces.

2025年1月28日 星期二

US market crashes after Chinese startup Deepseek announces low-cost generative AI model

Yesterday CNN.co.jp reported the following:

米市場急落、中国新興「ディープシーク」の低コスト生成AIモデル発表受け

2025.01.28 Tue posted at 09:55 JST

(CNN) 米国の株価が27日、急落し、人工知能(AI)半導体大手エヌビディアの時価総額が6000億ドル(約93兆円)近く失われた。これは、中国のAI企業ディープシークの驚くべき進歩が、無敵とみられていた米国のテクノロジー業界を脅かしたためだ。

設立1年の新興企業ディープシークは先週、「R1」と呼ばれる「チャットGPT」のような生成AIモデルを発表した。このモデルは、よく知られている機能すべてを備えており、オープンAIやグーグル、メタの人気AIモデルの数分の1のコストで動作する。同社によると、ベースモデルの計算能力に費やした金額はわずか560万ドル。米国企業がAIテクノロジーに費やしている数億ドルから数十億ドルとは比較にならない。

ディープシークの発表は27日、テクノロジー部門をはじめとする市場に衝撃を与えた。

テック企業を多く含むナスダックは3.1%急落し、それよりも業種が広範なS&P500は1.5%下落した。

トランプ大統領の支持者であり、世界有数のIT投資家であるマーク・アンドリーセン氏は、ディープシークについて「私がこれまでに見た中で特に驚くべき、印象的な進歩の一つ」とX(旧ツイッター)に投稿した。

米国が国家安全保障上の懸念を理由に何年にもわたり中国への高性能AIチップの供給を制限しようとしてきたことを考えると、比較的無名のAIスタートアップによる今回の成果はさらに衝撃的なものとなる。それは、ディープシークが性能の劣るAIチップで低コストモデルを実現できたことを示しているからだ。

この発表は、ウォール街の非テック企業への投資にも大きな変化をもたらした。

AIデータセンターには大量の電力が必要とされるため、エネルギー企業の株価は近年大幅に値上がりしていた。しかし、27日にはすべての企業で急落した。

発電機の動力源として使われる天然ガスの先物は5.9%下げ、原油も2%以上下落した。

Translation

US market crashes after Chinese startup Deepseek announces low-cost generative AI model

(CNN) US stock prices plummeted on the 27th, wiping nearly $600 billion off the market capitalization of artificial intelligence (AI) semiconductor giant Nvidia. This was because the surprising progress of Chinese AI company Deepseek, it had threatened the US technology industry which was once thought to be invincible.

Last week, one-year-old startup Deepseek unveiled a generative AI model like "Chat GPT" called "R1." The model had all the familiar features and operated at a fraction of the cost of popular AI models from OpenAI, Google, and Meta. The company said it had spent just $5.6 million on computing power for the base model, which would be nothing compared to the hundreds of millions to billions of dollars that US companies were spending on AI technology.

Deepseek's announcement on the 27th sent shock waves through the market, especially in the technology sector.

The tech-heavy Nasdaq plunged 3.1%, while the broader S&P 500 fell 1.5%.

Marc Andreessen, a supporter of President Trump and one of the world's leading IT investors, wrote on X (previously Twitter) that Deepseek was "one of the most surprising and impressive advances I've seen."

Given that the U.S. had been trying for years to restrict the supply of high-performance AI chips to China based on national security concerns, this achievement by a relatively unknown AI startup was even more shocking. That was because it showed that Deepseek could achieve a lower-cost model with less powerful AI chips.

The announcement also brought about major changes in Wall Street's investment in non-tech companies.

Because AI data centers required a lot of electricity, energy companies' stock prices had significantly risen in recent years. But on the 27th, all of them fell sharply.

Futures for natural gas, which was used to power generators, fell 5.9% while crude oil fell more than 2%.

So, US stock prices plummeted on the 27th and nearly $600 billion market capitalization of artificial intelligence (AI) semiconductor giant Nvidia had been wiped out. This is because a Chinese AI company Deepseek has showed that it could make a lower-cost model with less powerful AI chips. I am wondering if the “R1” is really that low cost.

2025年1月27日 星期一

美國將騰訊、 CATL 列入涉嫌協助北京軍方的中國公司名單

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

US adds Tencent, CATL to list of Chinese firms allegedly aiding Beijing's military

By Michael Martina, David Shepardson and Karen Freifeld

Mon, January 6, 2025 at 8:40 a.m. PST·2 min read

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Defense Department said Monday it had added Chinese tech giants including gaming and social media leader Tencent Holdings and battery maker CATL to a list of firms it says work with China's military.

The list included new additions WeChat-parent Tencent, CATL, chip maker Changxin Memory Technologies Inc (CXMT), Quectel Wireless and drone-maker Autel Robotics , according to a document published Monday.

The annually updated list of Chinese military companies, formally mandated under U.S. law as the "Section 1260H list", designated 134 companies, according to a notice posted to the Federal Register.

A Quectel spokesperson said the company "does not work with the military in any country and will ask the Pentagon to reconsider its designation, which clearly has been made in error".

The other companies and the Chinese Embassy in Washington did not respond to requests or did not immediately comment.

Amid strained relations between the world's two biggest economies, the updated list is one of numerous actions Washington has taken in recent years to highlight and restrict Chinese companies it says pose security risks.

U.S. lawmakers had pushed the Pentagon throughout 2024 to add some of the companies to the list.

While the designation does not involve immediate bans, it can be a blow to the reputations of affected companies and represents a stark warning to U.S. entities and firms about the risks of conducting business with them. It could also add pressure on the Treasury Department to sanction the companies.

Two previously listed companies, drone-maker DJI and Lidar-maker Hesai Technologies, both sued the Pentagon last year over their previous designations, but remain on the updated list.

The Pentagon also removed six companies it said no longer met the requirements for the designation, including AI firm Beijing Megvii Technology Co., Ltd., China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC), China State Construction Group Co., and China Telecommunications Corporation.

Translation

美國將騰訊、 CATL 列入涉嫌協助北京軍方的中國公司名單

華盛頓(路透社)—美國國防部週一表示,已將遊戲和社交媒體領導者騰訊控股和電池製造商 CATL 等中國科技巨頭列入與中國軍方合作的公司名單。

根據週一發布的文件,名單包括新加入的微信母公司騰訊、寧德時代、晶片製造商長鑫儲存技術股份有限公司 (CXMT)、移遠通訊, 及無人機製造商 Autel Robotics。

根據美國《聯邦公報》上發佈的通知,每年更新的中國軍工公司名單, 即根據美國法律正式規定為「第1260H條名單」, 列出了134家公司。

移遠通信的發言人表示,該公司「沒有與任何國家的軍方合作,並將要求五角大樓重新考慮其指定,因為這顯然是錯誤的」。

其他公司和中國駐華盛頓大使館沒有回應請求,也沒有立即發表評論。

在世界兩大經濟體關係緊張的背景下,這份更新後的名單是華盛頓近年來採取的眾多行動之一,旨在突出和限制其認為構成安全風險的中國企業。

美國立法者一直在敦促五角大樓在 2024 年將部分公司列入名單。

雖然這項指定名單並不涉及立即實施禁令,但可能對受影響公司的聲譽造成打擊,並對美國實體和公司發出嚴厲警告,提醒他們與名單中公司開展業務的風險。這也可能增加財政部對這些公司實施制裁的壓力。

兩家先前列入名單的公司,即無人機製造商DJI和光達製造商Hesai科技,去年都因先前被放入指定名單而控告五角大樓,但仍在更新後的名單上。

五角大樓也剔除了六家據稱不再歸類於受制裁指標的公司,包括人工智慧公司北京曠視科技股份有限公司、中國鐵建股份有限公司(CRCC)、中國建築集團有限公司, 和中國電信集團公司。

              So, the U.S. has added Chinese tech giants including gaming and social media leader Tencent Holdings and battery maker CATL to a list of firms that work with China's military. Apparently, it is another move by the US to tighten its control on Chinese companies.

Note:

The Federal Register (FR or sometimes Fed. Reg.) (聯邦公報)is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the Federal Register are reorganized by topic or subject matter and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The Federal Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register (within the National Archives and Records Administration) and is printed by the Government Publishing Office.

2025年1月25日 星期六

華為捲土重來,蘋果等智慧型手機廠商在中國市場失利

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

Apple, smartphone peers lose ground in China market amid Huawei comeback

South China Morning Post

Sun, January 5, 2025 at 1:30 a.m. PST·3 min read

The market share of foreign smartphone brands in China, mainly Apple, has plunged by nearly half from a year ago, according to government data, as the iPhone maker navigates increased competition from domestic vendors including Huawei Technologies.

Overseas handset makers shipped 3.04 million units in China in November, a 47.3 per cent decrease from 5.77 million in November 2023, according to a report published on Friday by the state-run China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT).

Total smartphone shipments from overseas vendors from January to November last year were 42 million, a 22 per cent year-on-year drop, CAICT data showed.

CAICT did not name any specific brands. iPhones make up the bulk of foreign smartphones sold in China.

The report highlights the growing challenges Apple faces in China's smartphone market, where competition has intensified following Huawei's comeback in the premium segment.

Shenzhen-based Huawei's domestic shipments of premium smartphones, or those priced above US$600, surged 34 per cent in the third quarter last year from a year earlier, according to a report by Canalys last month.

At the same time, Apple saw iPhone shipments in China decline 5 per cent year on year in the same period. But the US tech giant remained the leader of China's premium handset market with a 52 per cent share, while Huawei took 33 per cent, Canalys said.

Huawei's resurgence has prompted multiple rounds of price cuts from Apple this year. Most recently, the California-based company earlier this week offered a 500-yuan (US$68) discount on its latest premium models, the iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max.

Apple also faces uncertainties rolling out artificial intelligence (AI) features in its handsets, while local rivals have charged ahead.

The company was reportedly in early-stage talks with Chinese Big Tech firms to introduce its Apple Intelligence system in China, where it is required to partner with a domestic AI model provider. But progress is said to be slow.

Apple CEO Tim Cook last year made three visits to China amid the growing challenges. The executive appeared in November at the China International Supply Chain Expo in Beijing, where he spoke about valuing Apple's Chinese partners "very highly". In October, Cook also met top Chinese officials, reportedly discussing topics including the company's presence in China, data security and cloud services.

Translation

華為捲土重來,蘋果等智慧型手機廠商在中國市場失利

政府數據顯示,由於面臨華為技術有限公司等國內廠商日益激烈的競爭,以蘋果為主的外國智慧型手機品牌在中國的市場份額較上年同期下降了近一半。

根據中國資訊通信研究院(CAICT)週五發布的報告,11 月海外手機製造商在中國的出貨量為 304 萬部,較 2023 年 11 月的 577 萬部下降 47.3%。

中國資訊通信研究院的數據顯示,去年1月至11月海外廠商智慧型手機總出貨量為4,200萬部,較去年同期下降22%。

中國信通院並未透露任何具體品牌的名字。在華銷售的外國智慧型手機中,iPhone佔了絕大部分。

報告強調了蘋果在中國智慧型手機市場面臨的越來越大的挑戰,隨著華為重返高端市場,競爭也愈發激烈。

Canalys 上個月發布的報告顯示,去年第三季度,總部位於深圳的華為國內高階智慧型手機(售價超過 600 美元)的出貨量年增了 34%。

同時,蘋果發現其中國市場上的 iPhone 出貨量在同一時期年減了 5%。但 Canalys 表示,這家美國科技巨頭仍然是中國高端手機市場的領導者,佔有 52% 的份額,而華為則佔有 33% 的份額。

華為的再起促使蘋果今年進行了多輪降價。最近,這家總部位於加州的公司本週稍早對其最新高階機型 iPhone 16 Pro 和 iPhone 16 Pro Max 提供了 500 元(68 美元)的折扣。

儘管蘋果在其手機中推出人工智慧功能, 它也面臨不確定性, 本土競爭對手已在向前衝鋒。

據報道,蘋果公司正在與中國大型科技公司進行初步談判,將其 Apple Intelligence 系統引入中國,但需要與國內的 AI 模型提供商合作。據稱進展緩慢。

在日益嚴峻的挑戰之際,蘋果執行長Tim Cook去年三次訪華。該高層 11 月出席了在北京舉辦的中國國際供應鏈博覽會,他在會上表示,他「非常重視」蘋果的中國合作夥伴。據報道,今年 10 月,Tim Cook還會見了中國高級官員,討論了包括公司在華業務、資料安全和雲端服務等主題。

              So, the market share of foreign smartphone brands in China, mainly Apple, has dropped by nearly half from a year ago as the iPhone maker faces increased competition from domestic vendors including Huawei Technologies. Apparently, it becomes more difficult for foreign companies to do business in China.

2025年1月23日 星期四

"Mysterious volcano" finally identified; eruption in 1831 caused global cooling

Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:

「謎の火山」をついに特定、1831年の噴火で地球寒冷化

2025.01.04 Sat posted at 15:00 JST

(CNN) ある未確認の火山が1831年に大規模噴火し、地球の気候を寒冷化させた。それから200年近くを経て、科学者たちはこの「謎の火山」を特定するに至った。

当該の噴火は19世紀に発生したものとしては最も強力な部類に入る。二酸化硫黄が成層圏に大量に放出された結果、北半球の年間平均気温は約1度低下した。噴火の発生は小氷河期の末期に当たる。小氷河期は過去1万年で地球が最も寒冷化した時期の一つとされる。

この歴史的な噴火が起きた年は判明していたが、火山の地点は分かっていなかった。研究者らは最近、グリーンランドの氷床コアのサンプルを通じてこの謎を解明。コアの層を分析し、1831~34年に堆積(たいせき)した硫黄同位体や灰の粒、火山ガラスの破片を検証した。

地球化学や放射線年代測定、コンピューターモデルを駆使して、科学者らは上記の粒子の軌道を割り出した。その結果、31年の噴火は太平洋の北西部に位置する火山島と関係があることが分かった。研究報告は12月30日刊行の米国科学アカデミー紀要(PNAS)に掲載された。

分析から、謎の火山は千島列島の新知島にあるザバリツキー火山だと分かった。科学者らの発見以前でザバリツキーが最後に噴火したのは、紀元前800年とみられる。

「地球に存在する多くの火山、とりわけ遠隔地に位置するものについては、噴火の歴史に関する知見が極めて乏しい」。そう語るのは英セント・アンドルーズ大学地球環境科学部の主任研究員、ウィリアム・ハッチソン博士だ。

ハッチソン氏が電子メールでCNNの取材に答えたところによると、ザバリツキーは極端な遠隔地にある。そこは日本とロシアの間に位置する島で、人は住んでおらず、歴史的な記録もごくたまに千島列島を通過する船の乗員が残した航海日誌のわずかな記述に限定されるという。

19世紀の火山活動に関する情報の少なさから、ザバリツキーは1831年の噴火の候補には挙がっていなかった。論文によれば研究者らは、フィリピンのバブヤン・クラロ火山など、より赤道に近い火山を考察の対象としていた。

1808~35年にかけては、ザバリツキーの他にも三つの火山が噴火した。これらの噴火は小氷河期が終わりに向かう時期に重なっている。1400年代から1850年前後まで続いた小氷河期には、北半球の年間気温が平均で0.6度低下。地域によっては通常より2度気温が下がり、その状態が数十年続いた。

上記の三つの噴火は1815年にインドネシア、35年にニカラグアの火山でそれぞれ発生した。08年もしくは09年の噴火がどこで起きたかは依然として分かっていない。31年の噴火がザバリツキーによるものだと判明したことで、千島列島に存在する火山の威力が浮き彫りになったと論文は指摘。地球の気候に影響を与えるだけの規模だった可能性があると示唆した。

31年の噴火の後、北半球にはより寒冷で乾燥した気候条件が出現。その直後から食糧不足や困窮の報告が広範な地域から寄せられた。インドや日本、欧州一帯で飢饉が発生し、多くの人々を苦しめた。

「火山由来の寒冷化が農産物の不作や飢饉を引き起こしたのは事実のように思える」「現行の研究の焦点は、こうした飢饉がどの程度まで火山由来の気候の寒冷化によってもたらされたのか、あるいは他の社会政治的な要因によるものなのか、それを把握することにある」と、ハッチソン氏は述べた。

Translation

"Mysterious volcano" finally identified; eruption in 1831 caused global cooling

(CNN) An unidentified volcano erupted in 1831, causing global climate cooling. Nearly 200 years later, scientists had identified the "mysterious volcano."

The eruption was one of the most powerful to occur in the 19th century. As a result of the release of a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, the average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere dropped by about 1 degree. The eruption occurred at the end of the Little Ice Age, which is considered one of the coldest periods on Earth in the past 10,000 years.

The year of this historic eruption was known, but the location of the volcano was unknown. Researchers recently solved the mystery through ice core samples from Greenland. The layers of the core were analyzed, sulfur isotopes, ash grains, and volcanic glass fragments deposited between 1831 and 1834 were examined.

Using geochemistry, radiometric dating, and computer modeling, the scientists were able to determine the trajectory of these particles. They found that the 1831 eruption was linked to a volcanic island in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The research was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America on December 30.

The analysis revealed that the mysterious volcano was Zavaritsky Volcano on Shinchi Island in the Kuril Islands. Zavaritsky’s last eruption was in 800 BC before the scientists discovered it.

Dr. William Hutchison, lead researcher at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of St. Andrews in the UK said "We know very little about the eruptive history of many of the Earth's volcanoes, especially those in remote locations."

According to what Hutchison had told CNN in an email, Zabalitsky was extremely remote. It was an uninhabited island between Japan and Russia, and historical records were limited to a few logbooks left by ship crews who occasionally passed through the Kuril Islands.

Due to the lack of information on volcanic activity in the 19th century, Zabalitsky was not considered as a possible candidate for the 1831 eruption. According to the paper, the researchers looked at volcanoes closer to the equator, such as Babuyan Claro in the Philippines.

Besides Zabalitsky, three other volcanoes erupted between 1808 and 1835. These eruptions coincided with the end of the Little Ice Age. During the Little Ice Age, which lasted from the 1400s to around 1850, annual temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped by an average of 0.6 degrees Celsius. In some areas, temperatures were up to 2 degrees Celsius lower than normal, and remained that way for decades.

The above three eruptions were in Indonesia in 1815 and Nicaragua in 1835. The location of the 08 or 09 eruptions remains unknown. The paper said the identification of the 1831 eruption was Zavaritsky's highlights the power of the Kuril Islands' volcanoes. It suggested that they might have been large enough to affect the global climate.

After the 1831 eruption, the Northern Hemisphere experienced colder and drier weather conditions. Reports of food shortages and hardship came from far and wide. Famines occurred across India, Japan and Europe, affecting many people.

Hutchison said, "It seems likely that volcanic cooling caused crop failures and famines," "Current research is focused on understanding to what extent these famines were caused by volcanic cooling, or these famines were caused other sociopolitical factors."

              So, an unidentified volcano erupted in 1831 had caused global climate cooling with the average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere dropping by about 1 degree that led to colder and drier weather conditions. Reports of food shortages and hardship came from far and wide and caused famines across India, Japan and Europe. It is likely that the volcanic cooling had caused crop failures and famines. Apparently human survival depends on a stable climate condition, too hot or too cold will spell disasters.