Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:
寒さで縮むEVの航続距離、理由はドライバーにも?
2024.01.17 Wed posted at 18:00 JST
米消費者団体の「コンシューマー・リポート」が幹線道路でテストした結果、氷点下の気温でEVを走行させると、暖かい日に比べて航続距離が平均で約25%短くなることが分かった。
バッテリーは電子とイオンがバッテリー内で一方からもう一方へと動く際の化学反応によって作動する。気温が低くなると、バッテリー内も含めてあらゆる化学反応が鈍くなり、航続距離が短くなる。
寒くなると人間の機能も低下する。寒い日に運転する場合は暖房を入れる必要があり、実際にはバッテリーの温度が与える影響以上に、EVの航続距離に影響を及ぼしているという。
ガソリン車であれば、暖房を入れても燃費にはほとんど影響しない。ガソリンエンジンは夏であれ冬であれ、常時大量の熱を発生させる。車の運転のためガソリンを燃焼させる際は、車を動かすエネルギーよりも廃熱になるエネルギーの方が多く、その余分な熱を車内の暖房に利用できる。
これに対して電気モーターやバッテリーはほとんど廃熱が発生しない。それが効率性の一因でもあり、バッテリーのエネルギーはほとんど全てが走行のために使われる。しかし車内の暖房を入れると、走行のために使われるエネルギーがその分少なくなり、走行できる距離が大幅に短くなる。
コンシューマー・リポートのテストでは、短距離の走行を繰り返すと事態を一層悪化させることが分かった。いったん車が停止して車内の気温が下がると、再始動するたびに車内を暖め直す必要が生じ、エネルギー消費がさらに増えて失われる航続距離が倍増する。
幸いなことに新しいモデルのEVは、ほとんどが非常に効率的なヒートポンプ暖房システムを搭載して影響を最小限に抑えている。ただしそうしたシステムにも限界があり、気温がおよそセ氏氷点下10度を下回るとうまく作動しなくなるという。
気温が低いとEVの充電にも時間がかかる。充電は化学反応であり、気温が下がると鈍化する。実際のところ一部のEVは、極端な寒さの中ではバッテリーの損傷を防ぐために急速充電の最大速度が大幅に低下する。
ただ、新しいモデルのEVはほとんどが、バッテリーパックを理想に近い温度に保つ先端の温度管理システムを搭載しているとガーバーソン氏は解説する。
「気温が低ければ熱管理システムが作動してバッテリーを加熱する。つまり外の気温に関係なく、充電を始めるまでにはバッテリーが十分に温まっている」(ガーバーソン氏)
Translation
(CNN) With the United States blanketed in bitter cold, many drivers might feel that the range of their electric vehicles (EVs) had become shorter. There were probably more reasons than you could think of.
Consumer Reports, a U.S. consumer group, tested it on highways and found that driving an EV in sub-zero temperatures had an average cruising range of about 25% less than on a warm day.
The main reason for the short cruising range was the battery and the driver. According to Andy Garberson of Recurrent, an EV battery research company, the optimal temperature range for both humans and EV batteries was in the mid-60s to mid-70s (approximately 18 to 24 degrees Celsius).
Batteries worked by chemical reactions as electrons and ions moved from one side to the other within the battery. When the temperature got colder, all chemical reactions, including those inside the battery, slowed down, resulting in a shorter cruising range.
When it was cold, human functions also declined. When
driving on a cold day, it would be necessary to turn on the heater, which
actually affected the cruising range of an EV more than due to the battery's temperature.
If you owned a gasoline-powered vehicle, turning on the heating had little effect on fuel efficiency. Gasoline engines always generated a large amount of heat, whether it was summer or winter. When burning gasoline to drive a car, more energy was turned into waste heat than was used to move the car, and that extra heat could be used to heat the inside of the car.
Electric motors and batteries, on the other hand, generated almost no waste heat. This also contributed to its efficiency as almost all of the battery's energy was used for driving. However, turning on the heating inside the car reduced the amount of energy used to drive the car, significantly shortening the distance it could travel.
Consumer Reports' testing found that repeated short trips made matters worse. Once the car had stopped and the temperature inside the car dropped, it needed to be reheated every time when restarted, further increasing energy consumption and doubling the range lost.
Fortunately, most newer EV models were equipped with highly efficient heat pump heating systems to minimize the impact. However, such systems had limitations, it would not work properly when temperatures dropped below about -10 degrees Celsius.
When the temperature was low, it took time to charge an EV. Charging was a chemical reaction that would slow down when the temperature dropped. In fact, some EVs' maximum speed in fast charging would be significantly reduced in extreme cold to prevent battery damage.
But Garberson explained that most newer EV models had advanced thermal management systems that would keep the battery pack at a near-ideal temperature.
"If the temperature is cold, the thermal management system kicks in and heats up the battery, so regardless of the outside temperature, the battery is made warm enough to start charging," Garberson said.
So, in a
very cold day, the range of EVs will become shorter. One major reason is that batteries
work by chemical reactions as electrons and ions move from one side to the
other within the battery. When the temperature becomes colder, all chemical
reactions, including those inside the battery, slow down, resulting in a
shorter cruising range. I think this is an inherent limitation of EVs.
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