消息人士稱特朗普下令停止向貧窮國家供應愛滋病毒和瘧疾藥物

 Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

Trump order set to halt supply of HIV, malaria drugs to poor countries, sources say

Tue, January 28, 2025 at 4:26 a.m. PST·2 min read

By Jennifer Rigby

LONDON (Reuters) - The Trump administration has moved to stop the supply of lifesaving drugs for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, as well as medical supplies for newborn babies, in countries supported by USAID around the globe, a memo reviewed by Reuters showed.

On Tuesday, contractors and partners who work with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) began receiving such memos to stop work immediately, sources said. The move is part of a wider freeze on U.S. aid and funding put in place since Trump took office on Jan. 20, while programmes are reviewed.

One such memo went to Chemonics, a large U.S. consulting firm which works with USAID on the supply of medicines for a range of conditions worldwide.

The memo covers the firm's work on HIV, malaria and tuberculosis as well as contraception and maternal and child health supplies, one USAID source and one former USAID official told Reuters.

"This is catastrophic," said Atul Gawande, former head of global health at USAID who left the agency this month. "Donated drug supplies keeping 20 million people living with HIV alive. That stops today."

Chemonics and USAID did not immediately respond to Reuters' requests for comment.

Interruptions in treatment for diseases mean that patients risk getting sick, as well as, in the case of HIV in particular, transmitting the virus to others. It also means drug-resistant strains may emerge, Gawande said.

He said other partners had also received notices that meant they would be unable to deliver medicines to clinics even if they had them in stock, or open the clinics if they are funded by the U.S.

That includes organizations working with 6.5 million orphans and vulnerable children with HIV in 23 countries, he said.

Trump ordered a 90-day pause in foreign development assistance on Jan. 20, the day he took the oath of office, pending assessments of efficiencies and consistency with U.S. foreign policy.

His administration has also put on leave about 60 senior career officials at the USAID, sources familiar with the matter told Reuters on Monday.

The administration's actions threaten billions of dollars of life-saving aid from the world's largest single donor. In fiscal year 2023, the U.S. disbursed $72 billion in assistance. It provided 42% of all humanitarian aid tracked by the United Nations in 2024.

(Reporting by Jennifer Rigby; Editing by Gareth Jones)

Translation

消息人士稱特朗普下令停止向貧窮國家供應愛滋病毒和瘧疾藥物

倫敦（路透社）—路透社看到的一份備忘錄顯示，特朗普政府已採取行動，停止向美國國際開發署 (USAID)在全球支持的國家供應治療愛滋病毒、瘧疾和肺結核的救命藥物以及新生兒醫療用品。

消息人士稱，從週二開始，與美國國際開發署（USAID）合作的承包商和合作夥伴開始收到此類備忘錄，要求立即停止工作。此舉是美國自 1 月 20 日特朗普上任以來實施的更廣泛援助和資金凍結措施的一部分，同時對相關項目進行審查。

其中一份備忘錄發給了 Chemonics，這是一家美國大型顧問公司，該公司與美國國際開發署合作，為世界各地供應治療多種疾病的藥品。

一位美國國際開發署消息人士和一位前官員向路透社透露，備忘錄涵蓋了該公司在愛滋病毒、瘧疾和結核病以及避孕和婦幼保健用品方面的工作。

本月剛離職的美國國際開發署前全球衛生負責人Atul Gawande 說: 「這是災難性的，」。 “捐贈的藥品讓 2,000 萬愛滋病毒感染者得以存活。這一行動今天停止了。”

Chemonics 和美國國際開發署尚未立即回應路透社的置評請求。

Gawande 說疾病治療中斷意味著患者面臨患病的風險，甚至可能將病毒傳染給他人,尤其是愛滋病毒患者。這也意味著可能出現抗藥性菌株。

他說，其他合作夥伴也收到通知，即使有庫存，他們也不能將藥品運送到診所，如果診所是由美國資助的，他們也無法運作診所。

他說，這包括在 23 個國家為 650 萬名孤兒和弱勢愛滋病毒兒童提供服務的組織。

特朗普於1月20日宣誓就職當天下令暫停對外發展援助90天，以等待對其效率和與美國外交政策的一致性進行評估。

知情人士週一告訴路透社，他的政府還令美國國際開發署約 60 名高級職業官員休假。

該政府的行動威脅到全球最大單一捐助國提供的數十億美元的救生援助。 2023財年，美國發放了720億美元的援助。 2024年，它提供了聯合國跟進的所有人道主義援助的42%。

 So, the Trump administration stops the supply of lifesaving drugs for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, as well as medical supplies for newborn babies, in countries supported by USAID around the globe. The administration's actions threaten billions of dollars of life-saving aid from the world's largest single donor. All along the US is a generous country. In fiscal year 2023, the U.S. disbursed $72 billion in assistance. I am wondering if China can takeover some of the financial burden as the leader of the third world.

中國因反對聲音強烈而禁止政府向民眾提供藥品數據

Recently the New York Times reported the following:

In China, Government Data on Drugs Blocked from Public After Backlash

Criticism over how the Chinese government buys drugs for its public health care system has ignited frustration over the quality of medicine.

The New York Times - By Alexandra Stevenson and Zixu Wang

Reporting from Hong Kong

Jan. 27, 2025, 5:51 a.m. ET

When a group of prominent Chinese doctors publicly raised worries last week about the quality of domestic drugs, China’s government sent officials to investigate.

But now data about the drugs that appeared on a government website as recently as Friday is no longer publicly available. A social media post from a doctor who scrutinized the data has been taken down.

The criticism in China over how the government buys drugs for its public health care system, which most people use, has ignited frustration over the most basic of concerns: the effectiveness of medicine.

Two separate groups of medical experts and political advisers in Shanghai and Beijing are sounding the alarm over the country’s centralized drug procurement system and the drugs on a list of medications for public hospitals.

The drugs at issue are almost entirely generic versions of drugs that had been largely imported in the past. Among the products doctors are questioning include anesthesia they said often fails to put patients to sleep and stroke medication that has failed to prevent strokes. Even some of the most basic drugs, like laxatives, seem to be ineffective, the doctors have said.

The scrutiny is focusing attention on a campaign by Beijing to reduce costs in its national public health care system, which is coming under increasing financial pressures as the population ages.

The centralized drug system, known as volume-based procurement, has saved the government tens of billions of dollars. But the cost cutting could now come at the expense of drug effectiveness, said Zheng Minhua, the director of surgery at Ruijin Hospital.

Mr. Zheng was one of more than 20 doctors who proposed that the government allow patients access to brand-name drugs even if they are not on the government list.

Another doctor and political adviser in Beijing submitted his own proposal last week calling for similar changes. On Chinese social media, doctors and patients shared their frustrations about domestic drugs and complained about how difficult it was to get the original versions.

Amid the outcry last week, some experts began to dig into public data showing how the generic drugs stacked up against their originals. One doctor and former editor at a popular online health platform, Xia Zhimin, noticed that the data provided by different drugmakers was so similar they had to be fraudulent.

The National Medical Products Administration, which approves generic drugs and published the data, acknowledged the similarities and said they were caused by “editing errors” related to specific years of publication. But that did little to assuage concerns and instead elicited criticism on Chinese social media that a simple apology was not enough.

Then the agency removed the data from its platform and China’s internet censors scrubbed Dr. Xia’s analysis of the data from his WeChat account.

Over the weekend, an article in the state-owned China News Weekly quoted experts calling on the agency to make more data available rather than less. It also raised questions on over whether the staff at the agency might have known the data was plagiarized by did not speak up.

“A good pharmaceutical quality control system requires adequate information disclosure and transparency,” the article said.

Translation

中國因反對聲音強烈而禁止政府向民眾提供藥品數據

中國政府為其公共醫療體系採購藥品的方式受到批評，引發了人們對藥品品質的不滿。

上週，當一群著名中國醫生公開對國產藥品品質表示擔憂時，中國政府派出官員進行調查。

但現在，最遲於上週五, 政府網站上出現的有關藥物的數據已不再向公眾開放。一位仔細研究過該數據的醫生在社交媒體上發佈的貼文已被刪除。

中國政府為大多數人使用的公共醫療體系採購藥品的方式受到批評，這引發了人們對最基本問題的擔憂：藥品的有效性。

上海和北京的兩個不同的醫療專家小組和政治顧問小組對國家的集中藥品採購系統, 和公立醫院藥品清單上的藥品發出了警告。

涉的藥品幾乎都是過去大量進口藥品的仿製藥。醫生質疑的藥品包括麻醉藥被他們認為經常無法令病人麻醉和中風藥無法預防中風。醫生表示，即使是一些最基本的藥物，如瀉藥，似乎也無效。

這次審查的焦點是北京因隨著人口老化，財政壓力越來越大而要降低國家公共醫療體系成本而採取的行動。

集中藥品制度，即所謂大規模採購，為政府節省了數百億美元。但瑞金醫院外科主任Zheng Minhua表示，削減成本現在可能會以犧牲藥物療效為代價。

Zheng 先生是20多名醫生之一，他們提議政府允許病人使用品牌藥，即使這些藥物不在政府名單上。

北京的另一位醫生兼政治顧問上週也提交了自己的提議，呼籲進行類似的改革。在中國社群媒體上，醫生和病人分享了他們對國產藥品的不滿，並抱怨要取得正版藥品有多麼困難。

在上週的強烈抗議中，一些專家開始深入研究公開數據，以了解仿製藥與原廠藥的比較情況。Xia Zhimin 是曾任熱門線上健康平台編輯的一位醫生，他發現不同製藥商提供的數據非常相似，必定是造假。

負責批准仿製藥並發布數據的國家藥品管理局承認了這些相似之處，並表示這些相似之處是由於特定某年份出版的「編輯錯誤」所造成的。但這無助於緩解人們的擔憂，反而引發中國社群媒體的批評，表示簡單的道歉是不夠的。

隨後，該機構從其平台上刪除了這些數據，中國的網路審查人員也從Xia醫生的微信帳戶上刪除了他對這些數據的分析。

上週末，國營媒體《中國新聞周刊》的一篇文章引述專家的話，呼籲該機構公開更多數據，而不是更少。這也引發了人們的疑問：該機構的工作人員是否知道資料是抄襲的，但卻沒有說出來。

文章稱： “良好的藥品品質控制系統需要充分的資訊揭露和透明度。”

              So, a group of prominent Chinese doctors have publicly raised worries about the quality of domestic drugs. The drugs at issue are almost entirely generic versions of drugs. Among the products, doctors say that anesthesia often fails to put patients to sleep and stroke medication fails to prevent strokes. Some doctors have said that even some of the most basic drugs, like laxatives, seem to be ineffective. I am shocked by the complaints raised by the doctors.

華爾街進入較黑箱作業時代，多數股票交易被隱藏

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

Wall Street Enters Darker Age with Most Stock Trading Hidden

Katherine Doherty

Fri, January 24, 2025 at 7:48 a.m. PST·4 min read

(Bloomberg) -- Here’s a surprising new fact about the world’s largest and most-liquid public equity market: Most of the activity on it isn’t public anymore.

For the first time on record, the majority of all trading in US stocks is now consistently occurring outside the country’s exchanges, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

This off-exchange activity — which happens internally at major firms or in alternative platforms known as dark pools — is on course to account for a record 51.8% of traded volume in January. Barring an unexpected dip, it will be the fifth monthly record in a row, and the third month running that hidden trades make up more than half of all volume.

In other words, the shift “appears to be developing into a longer-term trend and quite possibly a permanent one at that,” Anna Ziotis Kurzrok, head of market structure at Jefferies, wrote in a note to clients this month.

Off-exchange trading has been a growing feature on Wall Street for years, but until now public venues including the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq have retained overall dominance of market activity. That’s important because exchanges display the quotes that most participants use to price stocks.

The shift toward off-exchange trading is the culmination of a years-long trend, which if it continues could eventually have implications for how the market functions, according to Larry Tabb, head of market structure at Bloomberg Intelligence.

“Theoretically the more trading that goes off-exchange, the fewer orders there are on-exchange competing to determine the best price,” he said. “This means the pricing on and off-exchange could get worse.”

The Securities and Exchange Commission has in recent years taken steps to try to push more activity back on-exchange by revamping market structure. Of four proposals made by the SEC, only two rules — that tweak the way stocks get priced and trades are executed on and off-exchange — were ultimately passed.

For now the threat to market efficiency remains a distant concern, with 48.2% of trades in January still happening on-exchange. Instead, the change is perhaps more useful as an indicator of the evolving market landscape.

Kurzrok at Jefferies notes that the surge in off-exchange activity corresponds with increased volumes in stocks worth less than $1, which are typically traded by retail investors. That makes sense, since that business is often handled internally by market-making giants like Citadel Securities and Virtu Financial.

When those sub-dollar stocks are stripped out of the data, off-exchange trading remains below 40% of total volume, according to calculations by Jefferies. So the apparent shift away from exchanges “doesn’t necessarily mean trading in one stock or all stocks is going to be worse off on any particular day,” Kurzrok said.

Meanwhile, the number of off-exchange venues that offer an alternative, anonymous way to process trades has been growing.

These alternative-trading systems, or ATS, use different mechanisms to match buyers and sellers without the desired price being displayed on a public exchange, or automated auctions where parties express the value they are willing to buy or sell stocks for. Using those venues helps institutional investors limit information leaking to the market and adversely affecting prices.

“This new style of trading is different,” said Joe Saluzzi of Themis Trading. “The bigger institutions seem to have a better experience where they can command more value.”

About 1.7 billion shares a day changed hands on an ATS in November, the most since March of 2020 and 36% more than a year prior, according to analysis from Bloomberg Intelligence.

At Nasdaq, the second-largest US exchange, Head of Strategic Operations and Public Policy Chuck Mack says the worry is that the move toward off-exchange could ultimately make pricing less efficient and drive up costs for investors and issuers.

“Sometime down the road we may look back and say, ‘how did we get here?’” Mack said. “It’s like boiling a frog. If you boil a frog, the temperature slowly rises, it doesn’t realize and doesn’t jump out so it dies. You don’t realize until its too late.”

Translation

華爾街進入較黑箱作業時代，多數股票交易被隱藏

(彭博社)－關於全球最大、流動性最強的公開股票市場，有一個令人驚訝的新事實：市場上的大部分活動不再是公開的。

彭博社彙編的數據顯示，有史以來第一次，美國股票的絕大部分交易都持續在美國交易所之外進行。

這種場外交易活動（在大型公司內部或被稱為暗池的替代平台進行）預計將佔 1 月交易量的 51.8%，創歷史新高。除非出現意外下滑，否則這將是連續第五個月創下紀錄，也是連續第三個月隱藏交易佔總交易量的一半以上。

Jefferies 市場結構主管 Anna Ziotis Kurzro 在本月給客戶的報告中寫道，換句話說，這種轉變「似乎正在發展成為一種長期趨勢，而且很可能是永久趨勢」。

多年來，場外交易一直是華爾街日益增長的特色，但到目前為止，包括紐約證券交易所和納斯達克在內的公共場所仍然佔據著市場活動的主導地位。這很重要，因為交易所顯示的是大多數參與者用來為股票定價的報價。

彭博產業研究市場結構主管 Larry Tabb 表示，轉向場外交易的改變是多年趨勢的結果，如果這種趨勢持續下去，最終可能對市場運作產生影響。

他說： “理論上，場外交易越多，場內可供決定出競爭最佳價格的訂單就越少”; “這意味著場內和場外的定價可能會變差。”

美國證券交易委員會近年來已採取措施，試圖透過改革市場結構來推動更多的交易活動回歸到交易所。在美國證券交易委員會提出的四項提案中，只有兩項規則, 即調整股票定價, 以及執行場內外交易兩項最終獲得通過。

目前，對市場效率的威脅仍是一個遙遠的問題，1 月 有48.2% 的交易仍在交易所進行。反而，這種變化或許更有用於作為市場格局不斷演變的指標。

Jefferies 的 Kurzrok指出，場外交易活動的激增與價值低於 1 美元的股票交易量的增加是相對應的，這些股票通常由散戶投資者交易。這是有道理的，因為該業務通常由 Citadel Securities 和 Virtu Financial 等做市巨頭內部處理。

根據 Jefferies 的計算，當這些低於一美元的股票從數據中剔除時，場外交易仍佔總交易量的 40% 以下。因此，Kurzrok表示，明顯的場外交易的轉變「並不一定意味著某一天某隻股票或所有股票的交易情況都會變差」。

同時，提供替代性、匿名交易方式的場外交易場所的數量也在增加。

這些替代交易系統（ATS）使用不同的機制來配對買家和賣家，而無需在公共交易所顯示期望價格，或透過自動拍賣讓各方表達願意買賣股票的價值。使用這些場所有助於機構投資者限制資訊洩漏到市場並對價格產生不利影響。

Themis Trading 的 Joe Saluzzi 表示： “這種新的交易方式與眾不同” ; “規模較大的機構似乎有更好的感受，能夠獲取得更佳的股票價值。”

根據 Bloomberg Intelligence 分析，11 月 ATS 每日均成交量約為 17 億股，為 2020 年 3 月以來的最高水平，比一年前增長了 36%。

美國第二大交易所納斯達克的策略營運和公共政策主管 Chuck Mack表示，人們擔心轉向場外交易最終可能會降低定價機制的效能，並推高投資者和發行人的成本。

Mack 說: 「將來有一天我們可能會回顧過去並問自己，『我們是怎麼走到這一步的？』」; 「這就像煮青蛙一樣。如果你煮一隻青蛙，溫度慢慢上升，青蛙卻沒有意識到，也沒有跳出來，所以它就死了。直到為時已晚，你才會意識到」。

So, it is surprising to note that the world’s largest and most-liquid public equity market has most of its activity done not in public. The majority of all trading in US stocks is now consistently occurring outside the country’s exchanges, according Bloomberg. This new style of trading favors the bigger institutions that seem to have a better experience where they can command more value when they do transactions. The worry is that the move toward off-exchange could ultimately make pricing less efficient and drive-up costs for investors and issuers.

誰是人工智能初創DeepSeek的創辦人？ （2/2）

 Recently the New York Times reported the following:

Who Is the Founder of the A.I. Start-Up DeepSeek? (2/2)

The Chinese company DeepSeek seemed to have come out of nowhere this week when it upturned markets. Here’s what to know about Liang Wenfeng, the engineer who started it.

Jan. 29, 2025

(continue)

His 2010 thesis at Zhejiang University tackled what would soon become one of the hottest topics in Chinese A.I.: improving intelligent tracking algorithms for surveillance cameras.

Later, the hedge fund he co-founded was buffeted by regulatory pressures, eventually forcing the closure of one of its main investment products, according to Peter Alexander, managing director of Z-Ben Advisors, a market consultancy, who researches Chinese hedge funds.

“Between 2019 and 2023, they wanted to have this side project so that their Ph.D.s felt like they had something to do and so DeepSeek originated from that,” Mr. Alexander said.

“But it really went into overdrive when their primary investment product had to shut down in February of 2024,” he said.

In a way, it was China’s crackdown on the private sector that nudged DeepSeek toward long-term A.I. research.

He’s willing to try things other entrepreneurs will not. He even hired lit majors.

If you polled China’s A.I. experts on who would deliver the country’s first major generative A.I. breakthrough, few would have picked Mr. Liang. That included the Chinese government.

DeepSeek was a private company with no apparent state backing, no big-name alliances and none of the institutional heft of players like Baidu, the search giant. In a system that favored insiders, Mr. Liang was not one.

Yet, there’s precedent for that. Some of China’s most disruptive tech companies — Huawei, Alibaba, ByteDance — started outside the spotlight, only to redefine their industries.

Mr. Liang’s approach has been as unconventional as his company’s rise. He has emphasized intellectual exploration over sheer grind. His hiring philosophy is equally unorthodox — DeepSeek’s engineering teams have been joined by literature buffs to help refine the company’s A.I. models.

“Everyone has their own unique journey and brings their own ideas with them, so there’s no need to push them,” he said in the 36Kr interview.

In a tech culture defined by grueling hours and hierarchy, that outlook borders on Bohemian. Yet, Mr. Liang insists change is necessary if China wants to lead in frontier A.I. innovation.

“When ChatGPT came out, the entire industry in China lacked the confidence to pursue frontier innovation,” he said.

“Innovation starts with confidence — and we often see that more from young people.”

Translation

誰是人工智能初創DeepSeek的創辦人？ （2/2）

本週，中國公司DeepSeek 似乎突然出現，扭轉了市場局勢。以下是關於這家公司的創始人工程師梁文峰的一些資訊。

（繼續）

他在2010年浙江大學的論文研究, 成為後來中國人工智慧最熱門的議題之一：改進監視攝影機的智能追蹤演算法。

研究中國對沖基金的市場顧問公司 Z-Ben Advisors 董事總經理 Peter Alexander 表示，後來，由他聯合創建的對沖基金受到監管壓力的連續衝擊，最終導致其主要投資產品之一關閉。

Alexander說: 「2019 年至 2023 年期間，他們希望開展這個副項目，以便他們的博士生們覺得有事可做，DeepSeek 由此誕生」。

他說：“但當他們的主要投資產品不得不在 2024 年 2 月關閉時，這項目才真正進入超速運作, 加倍努力的狀態。”

從某種程度上來說，正是中國對私人企業的受打擊而推動了 DeepSeek 走向長期人工智能研究。

他願意嘗試其他企業家不願意做的事情。他甚至聘請了主修文學的大學生。

如果你對中國的人工智能專家進行調查, 去看他們討論誰將會推出全國第一個重要的生成人工智能, 很少人會選擇梁先生。這包括中國政府。

DeepSeek 是一家私人公司，沒有明顯的政府支持，沒有大牌聯盟，也不具備搜尋巨頭百度等公司的機構影響力。在一個有利於內部人員的體制中，梁先生不是其中之一員。

但這樣的事是有先例的。華為、阿里巴巴、字節跳動等中國最具顛覆性的科技公司起步於受社會廣泛關注之外，但卻能重新定義了各自的產業。

梁先生的做事方法和他的公司崛起一樣是非傳統的。他強調智力探索而非單純的刻苦學習。他的招募理念同樣非傳統同 - DeepSeek 的工程團隊聘請了文學愛好者來幫助完善公司的人工智能模型。

他在接受36Kr採訪時表示: 「每個人都有自己獨特的人生旅程，帶着自己的想法，所以沒必要強迫他們」。

在以艱苦的工作時間和階級制度為特徵的科技文化中，這種觀點近乎波希米亞主義者 (Bohemian)。然而，梁先生堅稱，如果中國想在人工智能新境界創新方面佔據領先地位，就必須做出改變。

他說： “當ChatGPT問世時，中國整個行業都缺乏追求新境界創新的信心。”

“創新始於信心 - 我們在年輕人身上經常看到它。”

              So, I am impressed by Liang Wenfeng in that he points out why the China’s biggest investors and tech firms have failed to anticipate the rise of generative A.I.- because China’s companies are obsessed with quick returns in a fiercely competitive market. I am also impressed by the fact that DeepSeek’s engineering teams have literature buffs helping to refine the company’s A.I. models based on the belief that “Everyone has their own unique journey and brings their own ideas with them”.

Note:

1. Bohemianism (波希米亞主義) is a social and cultural movement that has, at its core, a way of life away from society's conventional norms and expectations. The term originates from the French bohème and spread to the English-speaking world. It was used to describe mid-19th-century non-traditional lifestyles, especially of artists, writers, journalists, musicians, and actors in major European cities. (Wikipedia)

誰是人工智能初創DeepSeek的創辦人？ （1/2）

Recently the New York Times reported the following: 

 Who Is the Founder of the A.I. Start-Up DeepSeek? (1/2)

(Source: NYT)

The New York Times

The Chinese company DeepSeek seemed to have come out of nowhere this week when it upturned markets. Here’s what to know about Liang Wenfeng, the engineer who started it.

Jan. 29, 2025

In technology, many entrepreneurs get only one defining act. Liang Wenfeng, the founder of DeepSeek, is already on his second.

The engineer, described by colleagues as introspective, first made his mark in China’s investment world in the late 2010s, cofounding a hedge fund that used artificial-intelligence models to deliver strong returns and attracted billions of dollars in capital.

Buoyed by profits and wary of Beijing’s tightening grip on speculative trading, Mr. Liang pivoted in 2023. He poured money into artificial intelligence, betting on A.I. chips and assembling a team to build China’s answer to the Silicon Valley front-runner OpenAI.

Now, just two years later, DeepSeek has upended the global tech landscape. Here is what you need to know about Liang Wenfeng.

He’s a deeply technical engineer. That puts him in a line of other successful Chinese tech executives.

When Chinese technologists debated why the country’s biggest investors and tech firms failed to anticipate the rise of generative A.I., many pointed to a single culprit: China’s companies were obsessed with quick returns in a fiercely competitive market.

Armed with those lessons — and backed by his own trading windfall — Mr. Liang has made it clear his ambitions lie far beyond commercial applications.

His focus, he has said, is on what he sees as China’s only real chance to catch up with the United States. That means taking bold, idealistic swings at fundamental A.I. challenges. His primary ambition is to create artificial general intelligence or A.G.I. — the elusive goal of building machines that can think and learn like humans.

When DeepSeek undercut its Chinese competition last year by offering its model at bargain prices, forcing larger rivals into their own price cuts, Mr. Liang dismissed the significance.

“To be honest, we didn’t really care — it was just something we did along the way,” he said in a widely shared interview with 36Kr, a Chinese tech outlet. “Providing cloud services is not our main goal. Our aim is still to achieve A.G.I.” (DeepSeek has remained mostly silent this week and has not responded to requests for comment.)

In his convictions that superhuman artificial intelligence is just around the corner, Mr. Liang sounds a lot like OpenAI’s chief executive, Sam Altman. But the similarities end there. Mr. Liang, a low-profile executive with a deep technical background in A.I. engineering, more fits the mold of Pony Ma, a co-founder of China’s Tencent, than Silicon Valley’s charismatic visionaries.

He started as a hedge fund trader. And then he turned to pure A.I. research.

In many ways, Mr. Liang’s career traces the major shifts in China’s technology landscape.

(to be continued)

Translation

誰是人工智能初創DeepSeek的創辦人？ （1/2）

本週，中國公司DeepSeek 似乎突然出現，扭轉了市場局勢。以下是關於這家公司的創始人工程師梁文峰的一些資訊。

在科技領域，許多創業家只經歷一決定性的舉動。 DeepSeek 創辦人梁文鋒是在經歷第二次決定性的舉動。

同事們都說這位工程師是很自省的，2010 年代末，他首次在中國投資界嶄露頭角，與他人共同創立了一隻對沖基金，利用人工智慧模型實現豐厚回報，吸引了數十億美元的資本。

受利潤的鼓舞，加上擔心北京方面加強對投機交易的控制，梁先生在 2023 年做出了轉變。他向人工智能投入了大量資金，押注人工智能晶片, 並組成團隊打造中國對矽谷領跑者OpenAI的回應。

如今，僅僅兩年後，DeepSeek 已經顛覆了全球科技格局。以下內容是關於你需要了解梁文峰的。

他是一位技術精湛的工程師。這使他躋身其他成功的中國科技高階主管之列。

當中國技術專家爭論為何該國最大的投資者和科技公司未能預見到生成人工智慧的興起時，許多人指出了一個罪魁禍首：在競爭激烈的市場中，中國公司沉迷於快速回報。

憑藉這些經驗教訓，並藉助自身交易所得的意外之財，梁先生已明確表示，他的抱負遠不止於商業應用。

他說，他的焦點是他認為這是中國趕上美國的唯一真正機會。這意味著對基礎人工智能挑戰進行大膽、帶理想主義的出擊。他的主要目標是創造通用人工智能（AGI）。 — 建構能夠像人類一樣思考和學習的機器這一難以實現的目標。

去年，DeepSeek 透過低價推出其模型來削弱其中國競爭對手，從而迫使規模更大的競爭對手也降價，但梁先生否認了此舉的重要性。

他在接受中國科技媒體36Kr採訪時表示: 「說實話，我們不太在意的 - 這只是我們在這個過程中所做的事情」, 這採訪受廣泛分享。 「提供雲端服務不是我們的主要目標。我們的目標仍然是實現 AGI。 （DeepSeek 本週基本上保持沉默，沒有回應置評請求。）

梁先生堅信超人類的人工智能即將到來，他的觀點與 OpenAI 的執行長 Sam Altman 很相似。但相似之處僅止於此。梁先生是一位低調的主管，但在人工智慧領域擁有深厚的技術背景, 更符合中國騰訊聯合創辦人馬化騰的形象, 多於矽谷那些魅力非凡的夢想家。

他最初是一名對沖基金交易員。然後他轉向純人工智能研究。

從許多方面來看，梁先生的職業生涯都見證了中國科技格局的重大轉變。

（待續）

特朗普簽署行政命令，公佈更多有關約翰甘迺迪、羅拔甘迺迪和馬丁路德金遇刺事件的文件

 Recently CNN News on-line reported the following:

Trump signs executive order to release more JFK, RFK, MLK assassination files

By Alejandra Jaramillo and Kevin Liptak, CNN

Published 5:03 PM EST, Thu January 23, 2025

CNN

 —

President Donald Trump signed an executive order Thursday to release files related to the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.

“That’s a big one. Lot of people are waiting for this a long, for years, for decades,” Trump said signing the executive order in the Oval Office.

“Give that to RFK Jr.,” he said, indicating that the pen he used to sign the order should be given to his pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, who is the son of the former attorney general and nephew of the late president.

“All will be revealed,” Trump added.

Many of the files related to the JFK assassination have already been disclosed, including a tranche of 13,000 documents released during the Biden administration. Many of the documents have been redacted, however.

“Their families and the American people deserve transparency and truth. It is in the national interest to finally release all records related to these assassinations without delay,” reads the order from the White House.

The records will not be released immediately. “Within 15 days of the date of this order, the Director of National Intelligence and the Attorney General shall, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Counsel to the President, present a plan to the President for the full and complete release of records relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy,” the order reads.

The timeline is within 45 days for RFK and MLK files.

In 2023, the National Archives concluded its review of the classified documents related to the 1963 assassination of JFK, with 99% of the records having been made publicly available, as CNN reported.

President Joe Biden then released a memo certifying that the archivist had completed the review and affirmed the remaining documents authorized to be declassified had been released to the public – meeting a previously set deadline.

Despite previous pledges from presidents, including Trump, to release those records, the CIA, Pentagon and State Department still have documents they’ve refused to release. The justification for those documents remaining classified largely stems from efforts to protect the identities of confidential sources who are still alive, or might be alive, and protecting methods.

When Trump was president, he agreed at the time not to release the full tranche of records related to Kennedy’s assassination at the request of national security agencies. But Trump on the 2024 campaign trail said he would release the remaining documents.

Translation

特朗普簽署行政命令，公佈更多有關約翰甘迺迪、羅拔甘迺迪和馬丁路德金遇刺事件的文件

總統特朗普週四簽署行政命令，公佈與約翰甘迺迪、羅拔甘迺迪和馬丁·路德·金遇刺事件有關的文件。

特朗普在橢圓形辦公室簽署行政命令時表示: “這是一個大事： “很多人等待這一刻已經很久了，幾年、幾十年了。”

他說: 「把它交給少羅拔甘迺迪 (RFK Jr.) 」，暗示他用來簽署命令的筆應該交給他挑選的衛生和公眾服務部負責人，他是前司法部長的兒子，也是已故總統的姪子。

特朗普補充說： “一切真相都會揭露。”

許多與甘迺迪遇刺事件有關的文件已經被揭露，其中包括拜登政府期間發布的 13,000 份文件。然而，許多文件是已被刪輯。

白宮的行政命令寫道： “他們的家人和美國人民應該得到透明和真相。最終毫不拖延地公佈與這些暗殺事件有關的所有記錄是符合國家利益。”

這些記錄不會立即公佈。命令中寫道: 「在本命令發布之日起 15 天內，國家情報總監和司法部長應與總統國家安全事務助理和總統法律顧問協調​​，向總統提交一份去全面公佈與約翰·肯尼迪總統遇刺事件有關的記錄的全面實施計劃」。

羅拔甘迺迪 和 馬丁·路德·金 文件檔案的時間進程表是在 45 天之內。

根據美國有線電視新聞網 (CNN) 報道，2023 年，美國國家檔案館結束了對 1963 年甘迺迪遇刺事件相關機密文件的審查，已把其中 99% 的記錄公開。

總統拜登隨後發布了一份備忘錄，證明檔案管理員已經完成審查，並確認餘下獲準解密的文件已向公眾發佈 - 符合先前設定的時限。

儘管包括特朗普在內的多位總統先前承諾公佈這些記錄，但中情局、五角大廈和國務院仍持有拒絕公佈的文件。這些文件仍保持機密狀態的理由很大程度上是為了保護仍然活著, 或可能還活著的機密消息來源的身份，和保護方法。

特朗普擔任總統時，曾應國家安全機構的要求同意不公佈與甘迺迪遇刺案有關的全部紀錄。但在2024年競選時他表示將公佈剩餘的文件。

So, Trump has signed an executive order to release files related to the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Despite previous pledges from presidents, including Trump, to release those records, the CIA, Pentagon and State Department still have documents they’ve refused to release in an effort to protect the identities of confidential sources who are still alive, or might be alive, and protecting methods. I am wondering whether the new information will attraction attention of historians.

特朗普宣誓就職前幾天，英國施紀賢抵達烏克蘭與澤連斯基舉行安全會談

 Recently Google News on-line picked up the following:

UK's Starmer arrives in Ukraine for security talks with Zelenskyy days before Trump is sworn in

Associated Press

Wed, January 15, 2025 at 9:02 p.m. PST·1 min read

KYIV (AP) — British Prime Minister Keir Starmer arrived in Ukraine on Thursday, pledging to help guarantee the country’s security for a century days before Donald Trump is sworn in as U.S. president.

The British government says Starmer and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy will sign a “100-Year Partnership” treaty in Kyiv, covering areas including defense, science, energy and trade.

Starmer’s unannounced visit is his first trip to Ukraine since he took office in July. He visited the country in 2023 when he was opposition leader, and has twice held talks with Zelenskyy in 10 Downing St. since becoming prime minister.

One of Ukraine’s biggest military backers, the U.K. has pledged 12.8 billion pounds ($16 billion) in military and civilian aid to Ukraine since Russia’s full-scale invasion three years ago, and has trained more than 50,000 Ukrainian troops on British soil. Starmer is due to announce another 40 million pounds ($49 million) for Ukraine’s post-war economic recovery.

Translation

特朗普宣誓就職前幾天，英國施紀賢抵達烏克蘭與澤連斯基舉行安全會談

基輔（美聯社）—在特朗普宣誓就任美國總統之前幾天, 英國首相施紀賢週四抵達烏克蘭，承諾幫助保障烏克蘭的安全一百年。

英國政府稱，施紀賢和烏克蘭總統澤連斯基將在基輔簽署「百年夥伴關係」條約，涵蓋國防、科學、能源和貿易等領域。

施紀賢的這次未經宣布的訪問是他自7月上任以來首次訪問烏克蘭。他在2023年擔任反對黨領袖時訪問過該國，自擔任首相以來曾兩次在唐寧街10號與澤連斯基舉行會談。

英國是烏克蘭最大的軍事支持者之一，自三年前俄羅斯全面入侵以來，英國已承諾向烏克蘭提供128 億英鎊（160 億美元）的軍事和民事援助，並在英國領土上訓練了超過50,000 名烏克蘭士兵。施紀賢將宣布再撥款 4,000 萬英鎊（4,900 萬美元）用於烏克蘭戰後經濟復甦。

So, the UK has pledged to help guarantee Ukraine’s security for a century just days before Donald Trump is sworn in as U.S. president. The UK is one of Ukraine’s biggest military backers and has pledged 12.8 billion pounds ($16 billion) in aid to Ukraine since Russia’s full-scale invasion three years ago. It also has trained Ukrainian troops on British soil. While the UK is probably making a political move that bets on the good future of Ukraine, to the Ukrainian, the British’ s move is a visualization of an old English saying that “a friend in need is a friend indeed”.