Recently Simon Shen (沈旭暉) posted the following article on Patreon:
【國際關係日評】
90歲的「DNA之父」,為甚麼被科學界割席?
沈旭暉
Simon Shen (simonshen@creator.patreon.com)
Sun, Sep 6 at 4:04 p.m.
6 Sept 2026
James Watson 是20世紀最重要的科學家之一。1953年,他與 Francis
Crick 提出 DNA 雙螺旋結構,後來與 Maurice
Wilkins 共同獲得諾貝爾獎。今天我們談基因工程、DNA鑑證,都離不開這場科學革命。想不到到了晚年,Watson 卻因為另一套關於基因的理論
/ 想法,被自己曾經領導的科學界集體割席。
2007年,Watson 公開表示黑人與白人在智力測試上的平均差異可能與遺傳有關,引起巨大爭議,最終離開領導多年的 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory。2019年,已經90歲的 Watson 在 PBS 紀錄片再次被問到這個問題,仍然表示自己的看法沒有改變。Cold Spring Harbor 隨即褫奪他所有榮譽職銜,直指他的說法「沒有科學根據」。
Watson 是不是納粹或者今天所說的 far right?都不是。但他的思想確實具有明顯優生學色彩:他相信人類很多重要特徵受到遺傳影響,也不抗拒利用遺傳科技選擇某些特徵、避免另一些特徵。
一個破解 DNA 結構的諾獎得主這樣說,是否特別可信?起碼主流科學界認為「不是」。Watson獲得諾貝爾獎的研究,是 DNA 的分子結構和遺傳資訊如何傳遞,幫助我們了解基因如何運作,卻沒有證明「黑人與白人的平均智力差異由基因造成」。後者是另一個完全不同、而且複雜得多的命題。
換句話說,今天科學界並不否認智力受到遺傳因素影響,但一項特徵具有遺傳性,不代表不同群體之間的平均差異就是遺傳造成。最簡單的例子是南北韓:兩邊人口遺傳背景非常接近,但今天南韓年輕人的平均身高明顯高於北韓人。不是南韓人在兩三代之間突然進化出「高佬基因」,而是營養、醫療和成長環境不同所致。
智力比身高更複雜。教育、營養、家庭環境、收入、文化、甚至測量方法,都可能影響結果。因此由「智力具有遺傳性」,跳到「兩個族群的平均 IQ 差異是基因造成」,中間就缺少了最重要的一步,也就是缺乏 correlation。因此,Watson 晚年的爭議很諷刺:他最偉大的發現告訴我們基因非常重要,但他後來希望論證「群體差異可以由基因解釋」,卻處處碰壁,乃至接近身敗名裂。
(待續)
I agree with the viewpoint that
intelligence is more complex than height. Education, nutrition, family
environment, income, culture, and even measurement methods can all influence
the development of intelligence. Therefore, jumping from "intelligence is
heritable" to "the difference in average IQ between two ethnic groups
is caused by genes" misses an important link: to prove the correlation.
Note:
1. Simon Shen (沈旭暉) is a Hong Kong born international relations
scholar, political commentator, and public intellectual. He is particularly
known for his work and commentary on China's foreign policy, U.S.–China
relations, nationalism, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and international politics. He
studied at Yale University and subsequently obtained a doctorate in
politics/international relations from the University of Oxford. He has held
academic and research positions at universities and institutions in Hong Kong
and overseas. (ChatGPT)
2. James Watson (1928–2025) was an influential American molecular biologist and geneticist. In 1953, he co-discovered the double-helix structure of DNA alongside Francis Crick, drawing on pivotal X-ray crystallography data. This landmark breakthrough revolutionized modern biology by demonstrating how genetic information is stored and replicated. For this achievement, Watson shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Later in his career, he led Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and directed the Human Genome Project. (Google)
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