Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:
地球最深部、直径約640キロの「鉄の核」が存在か 新研究
2023.02.24 Fri posted at 09:20 JST
地球は表面から順に地殻、マントル、溶融する外核、固体の内核の4層から成ると考えられている。今回の発見は5層目の存在を示唆するもので、地球やその形成に関する長年の謎をひもとく新たな手掛かりとなる可能性がある。
地球の核に未確認の新たな層が存在する可能性は20年近く前から科学者が指摘していた。論文によれば、地球中心部を通過する地震波を測定した新たなデータから、最深部にある核を見つけることができたという。
地震波は地震や火山などから発生し、地殻や地球の内部を伝わる。今回の研究では、巨大地震から発生した地震波が地球の一方の側と反対側を跳弾のように最大5回行き来する様子が初めて捉えられた。論文の共著者でオーストラリア国立大学地球科学研究所の地震学者、タンサン・ファム氏は電子メールでそう説明する。
研究者は振動の波を検知する装置を使い、最深部の内核に他とは異なる「異方性」が存在することを突き止めた。異方性とは物質に備わる性質で、物質に接近する角度によって異なる特徴を示す。薪(まき)割りで木目に沿って割った方が、木目に逆らうより割りやすいのが異方性の一例となる。
研究者は様々な方向の地震波が核を通過する速度に着目し、最深部の内核における速度の変化はその上の層とは違っていることを発見した。
Translation
(CNN) In the inner core of the earth's center, there existed a hidden layer that should be called the 'deepest inner core'. Researchers at the Australian National University announced such findings in a paper published in the scientific journal Nature Communications.
The Earth was thought to consist of, in order from the surface, four layers: the crust, the mantle, the molten outer core, and the solid inner core. The discovery, which suggested the existence of a fifth layer, could provide new clues to long-standing mysteries about the Earth and its formation.
For nearly two decades, scientists had suspected the existence of an unidentified new layer in the Earth's core. According to the paper, from the new data of seismic waves passing through the center of the Earth, it was said that a core in the deepest could be found.
Seismic waves were generated by earthquakes and volcanoes, and it was propagated through the crust and the interior of the earth. This study was the first to capture seismic waves from a giant quake ricocheting from one side of the Earth to the other, up to five times. Thanh-Son Phạm, co-author of the paper and a seismologist at the Australian National University Institute of Geosciences, explained this in an email.
Using a device that could detect vibrational waves,
researchers discovered that the deepest inner core had a unique anisotropy.
Anisotropy was a property inherent in a material that exhibited different
characteristics depending on the angle at which the material was approached. An
example of anisotropy was that when splitting firewood, it would be easier to
split along the wood’s grain than against its natural line pattern.
The researchers focused on the velocities of seismic waves
traveling in various directions through the core, and found that velocity
variations in the deepest inner core differed from those in the upper layers.
The existence of new layers could help us understand past and future changes in the Earth's magnetic field. Mr. Pham said that this also could be a hint to elucidate the phenomenon of other planets, and that "In talking about Mars, we still don't understand why [the magnetic field on Mars] ceased to exist".
So, researchers at the Australian National University suggest that the Earth has a solid inner core. This discovery, which suggests the existence of a fifth layer, may provide new clues to long-standing mysteries about the Earth and its formation.
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