Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:
ベスビオ火山噴火で炭化した巻物、文章を初めて解読 断層撮影やAI駆使
2024.02.08 Thu posted at 15:52 JST
(CNN) 米国などの大学の研究者がこのほど、西暦79年のベスビオ火山噴火で黒焦げになった「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」のほぼ完全な文章を解読した。2000年近く前の思想を垣間見せる発見となった。
「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」はベスビオ火山噴火による焼失を免れた数百点のパピルスの一つ。炭化しているため、巻物を開こうとすると崩れる状態で、何か書かれていたとしても肉眼ではほぼ判読不可能だった。
研究者らは今回、コンピューター技術や高度な人工知能(AI)を駆使することで、極めて脆(もろ)い文書を開封して損傷させる危険を冒すことなく巻物を分析できるようになった。解読コンペ「ベスビオ火山チャレンジ」を立ち上げたコンピューター科学者らの5日の発表によると、これまでに2000文字以上が解読されたという。
最初の単語は昨年10月、米ネブラスカ大学でコンピューター科学を専攻する学生ルーク・ファリター氏と、ベルリン自由大学の大学院生ユセフ・ネーダー氏が別々に解読した。今年に入ってチューリッヒ工科大学のロボット工学専攻の学生ジュリアン・シリガー氏も加わり、この3人でコンテストの大賞の賞金70万ドルを獲得した。大賞は巻物内の四つの連続する文章の文字のうち85%を解読した最初のチームに与えられる。
ベスビオ火山噴火の現場からは、1000点を超える炭化した巻物が回収されている。ベスビオ山はイタリアのナポリ近郊にある火山で、噴火により古代ローマの都市ポンペイとヘルクラネウムは火山泥に覆われた。米ケンタッキー大学によると、現在「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」と呼ばれる炭化した文書は、ユリウス・カエサルの義父の自宅から回収されたと考えられている。
解読された文章には、哲学者ピロデモスの記した言葉が書かれていた。ピロデモスは巻物が見つかった図書館のお抱えの哲学者だったとみられる。
ピロデモスは解読された文章の中で「快楽」について記し、手に入る物の豊富さが快楽の量に影響を与えるかどうかを考察している。最初の文章には「食べ物の場合と同じく、わずかしかない物の方が豊富に存在する物よりも断然大きな快楽を与えるとは、にわかには信じがたい」とある。
Translation
(CNN) Researchers from universities in the United States and other countries had recently deciphered the nearly complete text of the ``Scrolls of Herculaneum,'' which were charred by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The discovery provided a glimpse into the thinking of nearly 2,000 years ago.
The Scrolls of Herculaneum were among the hundreds of papyri that survived the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Because it was carbonized, the scroll crumbled when you tried to open it, and even if there was any writing on it, it was almost impossible to read with the naked eye.
Now, using computer technology and advanced artificial intelligence (AI), researchers were now able to analyze the scrolls without opening the extremely fragile documents and risking damage. According to an announcement on the 5th by computer scientists who launched the ``Vesuvius Volcano Challenge,'' that was a deciphering competition, more than 2,000 characters had been deciphered so far.
The first word was deciphered in October last year by Luke Fariter, a computer science student at the University of Nebraska, and Yusef Nader, a graduate student at Free University of Berlin. Julian Siliger, a student from ETH Zurich majoring in robotics, joined the team earlier this year, and together they won the contest's grand prize of $700,000. The grand prize was be awarded to the first team to decipher 85% of the letters in four consecutive sentences within the scroll.
The three researchers used a technology called ``virtual opening'' to decipher the text. By scanning a curled-up scroll using computed tomography (CT), it was now possible to virtually flatten the scroll and use advanced AI to detect ink on the page. After the three discovered the Greek letters, specialized papyrus scholars from England, France, and Italy joined in the analysis work.
More than 1,000
charred scrolls had been recovered from the site of the Vesuvius eruption.
Mount Vesuvius was a volcano near Naples, Italy, whose eruption covered the
ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic mud. The carbonized
document, now known as the Scroll of Herculaneum, was believed to have been
recovered from the home of Julius Caesar's stepfather, according to the
University of Kentucky.
The deciphered text contained words written by the philosopher Philodemus. Philodemus was believed to have been the philosopher in the library where the scrolls were found.
In this deciphered text, Philodemus wrote about
"pleasure" and considers whether the abundance of material goods
could influence the amount of pleasure. His first sentence said, `` Just like
in the case of food, in saying that something is scarce can give far more
pleasure than something that is abundant, definitely it is hard to believe that
right away.''
So, researchers have deciphered the text of the ``Scrolls of Herculaneum,'' which were charred by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The discovery provides a glimpse into the thinking of nearly 2,000 years ago. Thanks to the new technology, researchers now can use a technology called ``virtual opening'' to decipher the text.
Note:
Philodemus of Gadara (ca. 110–ca. 30 BCE) was an
Epicurean philosopher and epigrammatist who, having studied in the Epicurean
school at Athens when it was led by Zeno of Sidon (c. 150–c. 75 BCE), moved to
Italy, probably in the 70s BCE. There he might have lived in the Greek town of
Naples, and perhaps also in Rome. (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philodemus/)
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