2025年3月2日 星期日

The reason why the giant meteorite that boiled the oceans when it collided with Earth 3.2 billion years ago is called the "fertilizer bomb" (1/2)

Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:


32億年前の地球衝突で海を沸騰させた巨大隕石、「肥料爆弾」と呼ばれる理由とは (1/2)

2025.02.07 Fri posted at 20:00 JST

  (CNN) 今から30億年以上前、エベレスト山四つ分の大きさと推定される巨大な隕石(いんせき)が地球に衝突した。研究によると、その衝撃は、意外にも地球上の初期の生命体にとって有益だった可能性があるという。

通常、巨大な隕石が地球に衝突すると、その衝撃は壊滅的被害をもたらす。6600万年前、現在のメキシコのユカタン半島沖に幅約10キロの小惑星が衝突したことにより、恐竜が絶滅した。

しかし、32億6000万年前、恐竜を絶滅に追い込んだ小惑星チクシュルーブの50~200倍の質量と推定されるS2と呼ばれる隕石が地球に衝突した時、地球はまだ若く、現在とは全く異なる場所だった、と語るのは、ハーバード大学の地球惑星科学助教ナジャ・ドラボン氏だ。

ドラボン氏は、S2隕石の衝突とその後の影響について詳述した研究論文の主執筆者でもあり、同論文は先ごろ学術誌「米国科学アカデミー紀要(PNAS)」に掲載された。

「(S2隕石の衝突時は)まだ複雑な生命は形成されておらず、細菌や古細菌といった単細胞生物だけが存在していた」とドラボン氏は述べ、さらに次のように続けた。

「おそらく、当時の海にも生命は存在していただろうが、栄養分が不足していたこともあり、その数は現在ほど多くはなかっただろう。始生代の海を「生物学的砂漠」と表現する人もいる。始生代の地球は、ごくわずかな島が浮かんでいるだけの水の惑星だった。鉄分を豊富に含む緑色の海が広がり、奇妙な光景だったことだろう」

S2隕石の衝突は地球全体を混乱に陥れたが、その衝撃でさまざまな成分が放出され、それらが細菌の増殖に寄与した可能性がある、とドラボン氏は指摘する。

隕石衝突の甚大な影響

S2隕石の地球衝突時の直径は37~58キロメートルで、その影響は迅速かつ甚大だったとドラボン氏は語る。

津波が地球全体を襲い、衝突によって生じた熱は強烈で、海の表層が沸騰し、蒸発するほどだった。ドラボン氏によると、海水が沸騰・蒸発すると、衝突直後の岩石に見られるような塩分が形成されたという。

衝突によって大気中に放出された塵(ちり)により、衝突から数時間以内に地球の反対側でも空が暗くなった。大気の温度は上昇し、厚い塵の雲が日光を遮り、微生物は日光をエネルギーに転換できなくなった。陸上や浅水域に生息する生物は、衝突の直後から悪影響を受け、その影響は数年から数十年にわたって続いたと考えられる。

最終的に降雨によって、海の表層が回復し、塵も海に沈んだ。

(to be continued)

The reason why the giant meteorite that boiled the oceans when it collided with Earth 3.2 billion years ago is called the "fertilizer bomb" (1/2)

2025.02.07 Fri posted at 20:00 JST

(CNN) More than 3 billion years ago, a giant meteorite estimated to be four times the size of Mount Everest collided with the Earth. Research suggested that the impact might have been unexpectedly beneficial to early life on Earth.

Usually, when a giant meteorite hit the Earth, the impact would cause devastating damage. Sixty-six million years ago, the dinosaurs became extinct when an asteroid about 10 kilometers wide collided with the coast of what was now the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

But when this meteorite known as S2, estimated to be 50 to 200 times the mass of the asteroid Chicxulub that wiped out the dinosaurs, struck Earth 3.26 billion years ago, the planet was young and a place very different from now, said Nadja Drabon, an assistant professor of earth and planetary sciences at Harvard University.

Drabon, the lead author of a study detailing the impact and aftermath of the S2 meteorite, recently published the study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Drabon continued to say, "(When the S2 meteorite hit) complex life had not yet formed, only single-celled organisms like bacteria and archaea,":

"There probably was life in the oceans then, but perhaps it wasn't as abundant as it is today due to a lack of nutrients. Some people refer to the Archean oceans as “biological deserts”. The Archean Earth was a water planet with only a few floating islands. It would have been a strange sight, with a green ocean rich in iron spreading out."

The impact of the S2 meteorite threw the entire planet into chaos, but the impact released various components that might have contributed to the growth of bacteria, said Drabon.

The meteorite's enormous impact

The S2 meteorite had a diameter of 37 to 58 kilometers when it hit the Earth, and its impact was swift and severe, said Drabon.

A tsunami hit the entire planet, and the heat generated by the impact was so intense that the surface of the ocean boiled and evaporated. According to Drabon, when the seawater boiled and evaporated, the salt that could be observed was formed on rocks immediately after the impact.

Dust released into the atmosphere by the impact caused the sky to darken on the other side of the Earth within a few hours of the impact. The atmospheric temperature increased, and the thick dust cloud blocked sunlight, preventing microorganisms from converting light into energy. Organisms living on lands and in shallow waters were adversely affected immediately after the impact, with effects likely lasting for years or even decades.

Eventually, rainfall restored the ocean's surface and the dust sank into the sea.

(to be continued)

2025年3月1日 星期六

Japanese government agencies warned about generative AI developed by China's Deepseek

 Recently NHK News on-line reported the following:

中国「ディープシーク」開発の生成AI 日本政府機関に注意喚起

2025年2月6日 20時07分

中国の「ディープシーク」が開発した生成AIについて、政府は利用のリスクを十分認識する必要があるとして、政府機関などに対し、利用するかどうかは、内閣官房などの専門部署に助言を求めた上で判断するよう注意喚起しました。

中国のスタートアップ企業「ディープシーク」が開発した生成AIをめぐっては、政府の個人情報保護委員会が個人情報などのデータには中国の法令が適用されるとして利用には留意が必要だとする見解を公表しています。

これを踏まえて政府のデジタル社会推進会議幹事会は6日、サービスの利用によって生じるリスクを十分認識する必要があるとして、政府機関などに対し、利用するかどうかは内閣官房の「内閣サイバーセキュリティセンター」やデジタル庁に助言を求めた上で判断するよう文書で注意喚起しました。

林官房長官は記者会見で「政府の対応方針を徹底する観点から文書を出した。AIに関する諸課題については引き続き関係省庁や専門機関が連携し情報収集などを行っていく」と述べました。

Translation

Japanese government agencies warned about generative AI developed by China's Deepseek

The government had warned government agencies and other entities to seek advice from specialized departments such as the Cabinet Secretariat before deciding whether to use generative AI developed by China's Deepseek, stating that it was necessary to be fully aware of the risks of using it.

Regarding generative AI developed by Chinese startup Deepseek, the government's Personal Information Protection Commission had published its opinion that personal information and other data were subject to Chinese laws and regulations and caution was required when using it.

In light of this, the government's Digital Society Promotion Council Steering Committee on the 6th issued a warning in writing to government agencies and other entities to seek advice from the Cabinet Secretariat's “Cyber ​​Security Center” and the Digital Agency before deciding whether to use the service, stating that it was necessary to be fully aware of the risks associated with using the service.

Chief Cabinet Secretary Hayashi said at a press conference that "We issued the document with the aim of thoroughly implementing the government's response policy. Relevant ministries and specialized agencies will work together to continue to collect information on various issues related to AI."

So, the Japanese government has warned government agencies and other entities to seek advice from specialized departments before deciding whether to use generative AI developed by China's Deepseek. Apparently, the government worries that sensitive information can be leaked out to China after using Deepseek.

2025年2月27日 星期四

正當西方聯盟動搖之際,中國試圖取悅感到筋疲力盡的歐洲(2/2)

Recently Yahoo News on-line picked up the following:

China courts frazzled Europe as Western alliance wavers (2/2)

South China Morning Post

Sun, February 16, 2025 at 1:30 a.m. PST·6 min read

(continue)

The early signs are that after a stormy few years in the EU-China relationship, some leaders in a Trump-battered Europe might be receptive to Beijing's advances.

"This is a massive victory for China. It is just amazing what Trump has delivered to them, in less than a month," said one European diplomat, who was not authorised to speak publicly.

After a bruising first month of Trump's tenure, the hawkish European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen's tone on China has softened significantly. In two notable speeches, she said there was space to deepen trade ties and even "find agreements" with Beijing, in "an era of hyper-competitive and hyper-transactional geopolitics".

A month after he warned German companies that investing in China "is a decision involving great risk", Merz - who is favoured to be the next German chancellor - changed his tune in Munich.

"Germany firmly supports free trade and supports deepening cooperation between Germany and China and Europe and China," Merz told Wang, according to Beijing's version of events.

A Trump-inspired detente in EU-China ties would mirror events in 2017, when the sides patched up their differences in response to their respective trade wars with Washington.

Since then, however, the bilateral relationship has declined markedly, creating obstacles that the two sides might struggle to overcome if Beijing is to take full advantage of the situation.

In particular, China's cosy ties with Russia since its invasion of Ukraine in 2022 have damaged nearly all areas of positive engagement with the EU.

They have also clashed extensively on trade, with Europe urging Beijing to take action to tackle industrial overcapacity, which looms as a major threat to European industries, from German carmakers to Danish wind turbine makers.

"Compared to eight years ago, when Trump was elected the first time, there's a much greater awareness in Europe of the threats China poses," said Kurt Volker, the former US ambassador to NATO, in a Munich interview.

"They have their own assessments, their own sense of the risks that China presents, and they are taking some of their own steps to deal with that. They wouldn't change that just because they don't like the way that the Trump administration speaks to them," Volker said.

Li, the seasoned academic, said the ball was in China's court to make Europe an offer it cannot refuse. This would represent a sea change in policy, given that Brussels officials regularly complain that Beijing has been in no mood to make concessions for several years. China "should be sensitive" to Europe's concerns about its hi-tech industrial prowess, he said.

"China should open up to European companies and should not dominate one area after another. There's a complementary need in terms of economic technology development," Li said in an interview in Munich, adding that on current sentiment, "Europe does not see China as a great opportunity".

But Europe, too, must be prepared to "turn the page" on some of its traditional gripes with China, including on human rights, "in light of the American authoritarian tendencies", if ties are to improve.

"If you do so, you should have the same standards - look at the Middle East," Li said. "How can you just single out the Xinjiang issue when ignoring atrocities in other parts of the world?"

Translation

正當西方聯盟動搖之際,中國試圖取悅感到筋疲力盡的歐洲(2/2)

(繼續)

早期跡象表明,歐洲在經歷了中歐關係動盪的幾年之後,受到特朗普政策打擊的歐洲的一些領導人可能會接受北京的推展。

一位未獲授權公開發言的歐洲外交官表示: “這是中國的巨大勝利。特朗普在不到一個月的時間內給他們帶來的是令人驚嘆的。”

在經歷了特朗普上任第一個月的艱難時期後,鷹派的歐盟委員會主席馮德萊恩對華態度已明顯軟化。她在兩次重要演講中表示,在 “超競爭和超交易的地緣政治時代” ,還有空間與北京深化貿易聯繫、甚至 “達成協議” 。

一個月前,曾警告德國企業投資中國「是一個涉及巨大風險的決定」現有望成為下一任德國總理的 Merz 在慕尼黑改變了他的態度。

根據北京方面的版本,Merz對王毅表示: “德國堅定支持自由貿易,支持深化德中、歐中合作。”

特朗普引起的中歐關係緩和將與2017年的事件相似,當時雙方各自為應對與華盛頓的貿易戰而彌合分歧。

然而,自那以後,雙邊關係明顯下滑而造出障礙,如果北京方面想充分利用這一局勢,雙方可能要付出努力克服這些障礙。

特別是自 2022 年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭以來,中國與俄羅斯的密切關係已經損害了中國與歐盟幾乎所有領域的積極接觸。

雙方也在貿易問題上發生廣泛衝突,歐洲敦促北京採取行動解決工業產能過剩問題,這個問題對從德國汽車製造商到丹麥風力渦輪機製造商的歐洲工業構成了重大威脅。

美國前駐北約大使 Kurt Volker 在慕尼黑接受採訪時表示: “與八年前特朗普首次當選時相比,歐洲對中國構成的威脅的認識有了更大的提高。”

Volker說: 「他們有自己的評估,對中國帶來的風險有自己的認識,他們正在採取一些自己的措施來應對。他們不會因為不喜歡特朗普政府的說話方式而改變這一點,」。

經驗豐富的李姓學者表示,球在中國手裡去向歐洲提出一份無法拒絕的提議。這將代表政策的重大轉變,因為布魯塞爾官員經常抱怨北京方面幾年來不願做出讓步。他說,中國「應該對歐洲對其高科技工業實力的擔憂保持敏感」。

李在慕尼黑接受採訪時表示:「中國應該向歐洲企業開放,不應該在一個領域接二連三地佔據主導地位。在經濟技術發展方面,雙方存在互補需求」。他還表示,就目前的情況來看,「歐洲並不認為中國是一個很好的機會」。

但如果歐洲想改善與中國的聯繫,亦必須就 “鑑於美國的獨裁傾向” ,做好 “翻開新篇章” 的準備,改變對中國的一些傳統上的不滿,包括人權問題。

李表示: “如果你這樣不滿,你應該有同樣的標準 - 看看中東”; “你們怎麼能只挑出新疆問題,而對世界其他地區發生的暴行視而不見呢?”

              So, Vance has conflicting views with European countries. Apparently, to Europe, the security threat from Russia is a daily and real, while to the US, the threat is not that immediate (at least they are separate by the Atlantic Ocean). When Vance said that "The threat that I worry the most about vis-a-vis Europe is not Russia. It's not China, it's not any other external actor. And what I worry about is the threat from within", I don’t think Vance truly believes that. When the US asks all allies to increase their defense budgets, and expresses worry about the security of Greenland, I am wondering who are the enemies in their mind?

Note:

1. Hypercompetitive geopolitics (超競爭地緣政治) in current international relations refers to the fierce competition among countries in the fields of economy, military and technology. This competition is not limited to the traditional geopolitical scope, but also involves the diverse challenges and opportunities brought about by globalization.

2.  Hyper-transactional geopolitics (超交易地緣政治) is a model of international relations that emphasizes that interactions between countries are based primarily on immediate transactions and exchange of interests rather than long-term strategic cooperation.

2025年2月25日 星期二

正當西方聯盟動搖之際,中國試圖取悅感到筋疲力盡的歐洲 (1/2)

Recently Yahoo News on line picked up the following:

China courts frazzled Europe as Western alliance wavers (1/2)

South China Morning Post

Sun, February 16, 2025 at 1:30 a.m. PST·6 min read

The world shook this weekend as deep cracks appeared in the transatlantic alliance during a glitzy security summit in Munich. One guest was ready to capitalise: China.

Top officials from the United States and Europe spent a chaotic weekend trading barbs over values, Ukraine and democracy, with US Vice-President J.D. Vance clashing with a series of German leaders over his courting of the far-right ahead of next week's federal election.

"The threat that I worry the most about vis-a-vis Europe is not Russia. It's not China, it's not any other external actor. And what I worry about is the threat from within," said Vance, who later met Alice Weidel, the leader of the insurgent Alternative for Germany, which has been branded "extremist" by German authorities, on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference.

Over lunch on Saturday, meanwhile, Trump's special envoy for Ukraine Keith Kellogg stoked further despair by saying Europe would not be included in peace talks, even as European boots would be expected on the ground in Ukraine. Vance and others also hinted that America's security guarantee for Europe was in question.

In the margins, Beijing was making hay.

In a diplomatic blitz, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Germany Chancellor Olaf Scholz and his conservative opponent Friedrich Merz, Nato Secretary General Mark Rutte, and counterparts from the EU, Germany, Spain, and France. On each occasion, according to foreign ministry readouts, he pitched China as a partner to Europe and a friend of the existing order.

"China is pleased to see Germany play an important role in the multipolar pattern and is willing to deepen all-round cooperation... and provide more certainty for the turbulent world," Wang told Scholz, according to a readout.

During a meeting with the EU's top diplomat Kaja Kallas, meanwhile, Wang "emphasised that China supports all efforts conducive to peace and supports Europe's important role in the peace talks process," contrasting with Kellogg's assertions that Europe should not be involved.

Wang made a more blatant pitch to Europe during a keynote speech on Friday, where - right after Vance - he said talk of "China attempting to change the [global] order" has gone quiet in light of Trump's return.

"Now we don't see much talk of that because now there is a country that is withdrawing from international treaties and organisations and I think in Europe, you can feel chills almost every day," the veteran diplomat said.

While Wang's language was not new, it resonated in stark contrast with Vance's. The clear conclusion for many observers was that China sees an opening to improve ties with Europe and, potentially, drive a new wedge in the already fraught transatlantic alliance.

"On China's side, there's a great opportunity now that the ideological driven alliance between US and EU is subject to change," said Cheng Li, the founding director of the Centre on Contemporary China and the World at the University of Hong Kong, who described the US' rhetoric at the summit as "astonishing".

(to be continue)

Translation

正當西方聯盟動搖之際,中國試圖取悅感到筋疲力盡的歐洲 (1/2)

本週末,在慕尼黑舉行的盛大安全峰會上,跨大西洋聯盟出現了嚴重裂痕,令世界震驚。有一位客人準備利用這一點:中國。

美國和歐洲的高層官員度過了一個混亂的周末,就價值觀、烏克蘭和民主等問題互相指責,美國副總統 J.D. 萬斯因在下週聯邦選舉前向極右翼示好而與多位德國領導人發生摩擦。

萬斯說: 「我最擔心的歐洲威脅不是俄羅斯,不是中國,也不是任何其他外部勢力。我擔心的是來自內部的威脅」。萬斯隨後在慕尼黑安全會議期間順道會見了德國反叛派另類選擇黨領袖Alice Weidel,該黨被德國當局定性為「極端分子」。

同時,週六午餐時, 特朗普烏克蘭事務特使 Keith Kellogg 表示,儘管歐洲軍隊預計將會在烏克蘭出現,但歐洲不會被納入和平談判,這進一步加劇了人們的絕望情緒。萬斯等人也暗示美國給歐洲的安全保障存在着問題。

在不被留意之間中,北京方面正爭取機會。

在一輪外交閃電戰中,王毅外長先後會見德國總理朔爾茨、反對派保守黨的 Friedrich Merz、北約秘書長呂特, 以及歐盟、德國、西班牙、法國等國外官員。根據外交部的記錄,在每一次活動中,他都將中國描述為歐洲的合作夥伴和現有秩序的朋友。

一份聲明稱,王毅對朔爾茨表示: “中方高興看到德國在多極格局中發揮重要作用,願深化全方位合作……為動蕩的世界提供更多確定性。”

同時,在會見歐盟外長 Kaja Kallas 時,王毅 “強調中國支持一切有利於和平的努力,支持歐洲在和談進程中發揮重要作用”,這與 Kellogg 關於歐洲不應參與的主張形成了鮮明對比。

在周五的主題演講中,王毅更加公然地向歐洲推銷 - 在萬斯之後,他表示,隨著特朗普的回歸,他說對「中國試圖改變[全球]秩序」的討論已經變得沉默。

這位資深外交官表示: “現在我們很少聽到這方面的談論,因為現在有一個國家正在退出國際條約和組織,我認為在歐洲,你幾乎每天都能感受到寒意。”

儘管王的語言並不新鮮,但卻與萬斯的語言形成了鮮明的對比。許多觀察家得出的明確結論是,中國看到了改善與歐洲關係的機會,並暗地在本已緊張的跨大西洋聯盟中製造新的分裂。

香港大學當代中國與世界研究中心創始主任 Cheng Li表示:「對中國而言,現在有一個很好的機會,因為美國和歐盟之間受意識形態帶動的聯盟可能會發生變化」。他認為美國在峰會上的言論「令人震驚」。

(未完待續)

2025年2月24日 星期一

Transplantation of retinal cells made from iPS cells applied for as "advanced medical treatment"

Recently NHK News on-line reported the following:

iPS細胞から作った目の網膜細胞の移植 「先進医療」に申請

2025年2月3日 18時28分

iPS細胞から作った目の網膜の細胞を重い目の病気の患者に移植する治療について、開発を進める神戸市の病院のグループは、医療費の一部に公的な保険が適用される「先進医療」に申請したと明らかにしました。認められればiPS細胞を使う治療としては初めてのケースとなります。

神戸市にある神戸アイセンター病院の栗本康夫院長らのグループは、「網膜色素上皮不全症」という重い目の病気の患者3人にiPS細胞から作った網膜細胞をひも状に加工して移植する臨床研究を行いました。

グループは3人に移植した細胞が1年後も定着していることや、このうち1人は見え方も改善していることが確認できたとして、この治療の計画を「先進医療」として厚生労働省に申請し、1月末に受理されたと連絡があったということです。

先進医療は治療そのものの費用は患者負担となる一方、入院費など関連する医療費の一部に公的な保険が適用されるもので、一定の基準を満たせば実施する医療機関を増やすこともできます。

申請された計画は今後、厚生労働省の専門家会議で審議される予定で、認められればiPS細胞を使う治療としては初めてのケースとなります。

栗本院長は「承認されれば、治療を広く届けられるようになり、改めて身が引き締まる思いだ。日本中のいろいろな施設で治療ができる準備も整えていきたい」と話していました。

グループは将来的に治療そのものの保険適用を目指すとしています。

Translation

Transplantation of retinal cells made from iPS cells applied for as "advanced medical treatment"

A group at a hospital in Kobe City developing a treatment to transplant retinal cells made from iPS cells into patients with serious eye diseases had revealed that it had applied for "advanced medical treatment" to have part of the medical expenses covered by public insurance. If approved, it would be the first case of a treatment using iPS cells.

A group led by Dr. Yasuo Kurimoto (栗本康夫), director of Kobe Eye Center Hospital in Kobe City, conducted a clinical study to process retinal cells into string-like shape for transplanting them into three patients with a serious eye disease called "retinal pigment epithelium deficiency."

The group confirmed that the cells transplanted into the three patients had taken root one year later and that one of the patients' visions had improved, so they applied to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for this treatment plan be accepted as "advanced medical treatment",  and they were informed at the end of January that it was under consideration.

While the cost of advanced medical treatment itself was to be borne by the patient, some related medical expenses such as hospital fees were to be covered by public insurance, and the number of medical institutions that would perform the treatment could be increased if certain criteria were met.

The plan submitted would be discussed at an expert meeting of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and if approved, it will be the first case of treatment using iPS cells.

Director Kurimoto said, "If approved, we will be able to provide the treatment widely, I feel invigorated again. I also want to prepare to make the treatment available at various facilities across Japan."

The group hoped to have the treatment itself covered by insurance in the future.

So, the treatment to transplant retinal cells made from iPS cells into patients with serious eye diseases may be considered as “advanced medical treatment" to have part of the medical expenses covered by public insurance. If approved, it would be the first case of a treatment using iPS cells. Apparently, it will be good new for many patients.

2025年2月23日 星期日

特朗普稱希望烏克蘭向美國供應稀土

Recently Reuters News on-line reported the following:

Trump says he wants Ukraine to supply US with rare earths

By Reuters

February 4, 20258:02 PM PST

WASHINGTON, Feb 3 (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump said on Monday he wants Ukraine to supply the United States with rare earth minerals as a form of payment for financially supporting the country's war efforts against Russia.

Trump, speaking to reporters at the White House, said Ukraine was willing, adding that he wants "equalization" from Ukraine for Washington's "close to $300 billion" in support.

"We're telling Ukraine they have very valuable rare earths," Trump said. "We're looking to do a deal with Ukraine where they're going to secure what we're giving them with their rare earths and other things."

It was not immediately clear if Trump was using the term "rare earths" to refer to all types of critical minerals or just to rare earths.

Rare earths are a group of 17 metals used to make magnets that turn power into motion for electric vehicles, cellphones and other electronics. There are no known substitutes.

The U.S. Geological Survey considers 50 minerals to be critical, opens new tab for the country's economy and national defense, including several types of rare earths, nickel and lithium.

Ukraine contains large deposits of uranium, lithium and titanium, although none are considered to be among the world's five biggest by volume and the U.S. has its own untapped reserves of those and other critical minerals.

The U.S. has only one operating rare earths mine, which is owned by MP Materials (MP.N), opens new tab. Several other companies are working to develop U.S. rare earths projects.

In 2024, the United States was reliant on China, Malaysia, Japan and Estonia for 80 percent of its rare earths needs, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Translation

特朗普稱希望烏克蘭向美國供應稀土

華盛頓 2 月 3 日(路透社)- 美國總統特朗普週一表示,他希望烏克蘭向美國供應稀土礦物,作為對美國對俄羅斯戰爭努力提供經濟支持的回報。

特朗普在白宮對記者表示,烏克蘭願意配合,並補充說,他希望烏克蘭「平衡」華盛頓提供的「近 3000 億美元」援助。

特朗普說: “我們告訴烏克蘭,他們擁有非常寶貴的稀土”; “我們希望與烏克蘭達成協議,用稀土和其他資源, 以抵押我們給他們的東西。”

目前尚不清楚特朗普使用的「稀土」一詞是否指所有類型的關鍵礦物或僅指稀土。

稀土是一組 17 種金屬,用於製造磁鐵,將電能轉化為電能用於動車、手機和其他電子設備。目前沒有知到的替代品。

美國地質調查局認為有50種礦物至關重要,開發關乎國家經濟與國防的新資源,其中包括幾種稀土、鎳和鋰。

烏克蘭擁有豐富的鈾、鋰和鈦礦產資源,但就藏量而言,這些礦產均未躋身世界五大礦產之列,而且美國自己也擁有尚未開發的上述礦產和其他關鍵礦產藏量。

美國目前僅有一座正在運作的稀土礦,由 MP Materials (MP.N) 擁有, 以開發新資源。另有幾家公司正在致力於開發美國稀土計劃。

根據美國地質調查局的數據,在 2024 年,美國 80% 的稀土需求依賴中國、馬來西亞、日本和愛沙尼亞。

       So, when Trump says that he wants "equalization" from Ukraine for Washington's "close to $300 billion" support given to Ukraine to fight against Russia’s aggression, my initial feeling is that the amount of $300 billion is a much-inflated figure.  Probably Trump is deliberately using “fake” information to help stress his argument (or perhaps a trick often used by a businessman when negotiating for a good deal). If he makes political judgements bases on that, I think it will be dangerous for the American and the whole world. May God bless the American.

2025年2月22日 星期六

美國太空總署的小行星貝努樣本揭示了生命成分的混合(2/2)

Recently NASA Headquarters made the following announcement:

NASA’s Asteroid Bennu Sample Reveals Mix of Life’s Ingredients (2/2)

Jessica Taveau

Jan 29, 2025

NASA Headquarters

(continue)

While Glavin’s team analyzed the Bennu samples for hints of life-related compounds, their colleagues, led by Tim McCoy, curator of meteorites at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, and Sara Russell, cosmic mineralogist at the Natural History Museum in London, looked for clues to the environment these molecules would have formed. Reporting in the journal Nature, scientists further describe evidence of an ancient environment well-suited to kickstart the chemistry of life.

Ranging from calcite to halite and sylvite, scientists identified traces of 11 minerals in the Bennu sample that form as water containing dissolved salts evaporates over long periods of time, leaving behind the salts as solid crystals.

Similar brines have been detected or suggested across the solar system, including at the dwarf planet Ceres and Saturn’s moon Enceladus.

Although scientists have previously detected several evaporites in meteorites that fall to Earth’s surface, they have never seen a complete set that preserves an evaporation process that could have lasted thousands of years or more. Some minerals found in Bennu, such as trona, were discovered for the first time in extraterrestrial samples.

“These papers really go hand in hand in trying to explain how life’s ingredients actually came together to make what we see on this aqueously altered asteroid,” said McCoy.

For all the answers the Bennu sample has provided, several questions remain. Many amino acids can be created in two mirror-image versions, like a pair of left and right hands. Life on Earth almost exclusively produces the left-handed variety, but the Bennu samples contain an equal mixture of both. This means that on early Earth, amino acids may have started out in an equal mixture, as well. The reason life “turned left” instead of right remains a mystery.

“OSIRIS-REx has been a highly successful mission,” said Jason Dworkin, OSIRIS-REx project scientist at NASA Goddard and co-lead author on the Nature Astronomy paper. “Data from OSIRIS-REx adds major brushstrokes to a picture of a solar system teeming with the potential for life. Why we, so far, only see life on Earth and not elsewhere, that’s the truly tantalizing question.”

NASA Goddard provided overall mission management, systems engineering, and the safety and mission assurance for OSIRIS-REx. Dante Lauretta of the University of Arizona, Tucson, is the principal investigator. The university leads the science team and the mission’s science observation planning and data processing. Lockheed Martin Space in Littleton, Colorado, built the spacecraft and provided flight operations. NASA Goddard and KinetX Aerospace were responsible for navigating the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. Curation for OSIRIS-REx takes place at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. International partnerships on this mission include the OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter instrument from CSA (Canadian Space Agency) and asteroid sample science collaboration with JAXA’s (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Hayabusa2 mission. OSIRIS-REx is the third mission in NASA’s New Frontiers Program, managed by the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

Translation

美國太空總署的小行星貝努樣本揭示了生命成分的混合(2/2)

美國太空總署總部

(繼續)

當 Glavin 的團隊分析貝努樣本以尋找與生命相關的化合物的線索時,他們的同事在華盛頓Smithsonian 國家自然歷史博物館隕石館長 Tim McCoy 和倫敦自然歷史博物館宇宙礦物學家 Sara Russell 的帶領下,尋找這些分子形成環境的線索。在《自然》雜誌的報導中,科學家進一步描述了適合啟動生命化學反應的古老環境的證據。

科學家在貝努樣本中發現了從方解石到岩鹽和鉀鹽等 11 種礦物質的痕跡,這些礦物質是在含有溶解鹽的水經過長時間蒸發後形成的,留下的是固體鹽晶體。

整個太陽係都曾發現或顯示存在類似的鹽水,包括矮行星穀神星和土星的衛星土衛二。

儘管科學家先前曾在墜落地球表面的隕石中發現過幾塊蒸發岩,但他們從未見過一組完整地保存著可能持續數千年甚至更長時間的蒸發過程的蒸發岩。貝努中發現的一些礦物,例如天然鹼,是首次在地外樣本中發現的。

McCoy說: “這些論文確實相連關並同時試圖解釋生命個別成分是如何結合在一起, 並形成我們在這顆被水改變的小行星上看到的生命景象的。”

儘管貝努樣本提供了所有答案,但仍有幾個問題尚待解答。許多氨基酸可以以兩個鏡影版本建造成,就像一雙左手和右手一樣。地球上的生命幾乎只產生左手性種類生命,但貝努樣本同時含有兩種版本生命。這意味著在早期地球上,氨基酸也可能是以均等的混合物的形式出現的。生命「向左轉」而不是向右轉的原因仍然是個謎。

美國宇航局 Goddard 太空飛行中心 OSIRIS-REx 項目科學家、《自然天文學》論文聯合作者 Jason Dworkin 表示:「OSIRIS-REx 是一次非常成功的任務」; 「OSIRIS-REx 的數據為充滿生命潛力的太陽系圖景增添了重要一筆。為什麼到目前為止我們只在地球上看到生命而在其他地方卻看不到,這才是真正誘人的問題」。

美國太空總署 Goddard 為 OSIRIS-REx 提供了整體任務管理、系統工程以及安全和任務保障。亞利桑那大學圖森分校的Dante Lauretta 是首席研究員。該大學領導科學團隊和任務的科學觀測規劃和數據處理。位於科羅拉多州 Littleton 的 Lockheed Martin Space 建造了該太空船並提供飛行操作。美國太空總署Goddard和 KinetX Aerospace 負責導航 OSIRIS-REx 太空船。 OSIRIS-REx 的策展在美國宇航局位於休士頓的約翰遜航天中心進行。這項任務的國際合作夥伴包括加拿大太空總署 (CSA) 的 OSIRIS-REx 雷射高度計儀器, 行星樣本科學是與日本宇宙航空研究開發機構 (JAXA) 的隼鳥 2 號任務合作。 OSIRIS-REx 是美國太空總署新疆界計劃的第三次任務,由位於阿拉巴馬州Huntsville的 馬歇爾太空飛行中心管理, 代表著華盛頓的美國太空總署科學任務理事會。

       So, studies of rock and dust from asteroid Bennu have revealed molecules that, on our planet, are key to life, as well as a history of saltwater that could have served as the “broth” for these compounds to interact and combine. The findings do not show evidence for life itself, but they do suggest the conditions necessary for the emergence of life were widespread across the early solar system.

Note:

1. An evaporite (蒸發岩)is a water-soluble sedimentary mineral deposit that results from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution. There are two types of evaporite deposits: marine, which can also be described as ocean deposits, and non-marine, which are found in standing bodies of water such as lakes. Evaporites are considered sedimentary rocks and are formed by chemical sediments. (Wikipedia)

2. Trona (天然碱) is a non-marine evaporite mineral. It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. (Wikipedia)

3. The Science Mission Directorate (SMD) (科學任務理事會) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) engages the United States' science community, sponsors scientific research, and develops and deploys satellites and probes in collaboration with NASA's partners around the world. (Wikipedia)