Recently Mainich News reported the following:
日本マクドナルドは１７日、神奈川県内の全店舗２９８店を３月１日から全面禁煙にすると発表した。同県内の６割にあたる約１８０店舗で既に全面禁煙を実施しているが、４月１日から施行される同県の受動喫煙防止条例で飲食店での喫煙が制限されることを受け、対策を強化する。
店内にポスターを掲示するなどして喫煙者に理解を求める。ただ、喫煙の要望が多い店舗については、完全分煙に切り替えることもあるという。 ファミリーレストラン「ロイヤルホスト」も、３月１日から改装して喫煙専用室を設けるなどし、同県内の全２５店舗を全面禁煙にする。
McDonald in Japan announced on the 17th that starting from March 1 it would prohibit smoking in all of its 298 stores in Kanagawa prefecture. Although in this prefecture in total 60 percent or about 180 stores were already under the general restriction on no smoking, as from April 1, for the purpose of strengthening the measures, smoking in restaurants would be restricted under the Passive Smoking Prevention Ordinance.
In the stores, posters would be put up to seek the understanding of smokers. However, it was said that in stores where demand for smoking was huge, it might switch into setting up completely isolated smoking area. From March 1 the family restaurant "Royal Host" would start redecoration work to set up smoking special room, and it was decided that all 25 stores in the prefecture would ban smoking completely.
It seems that in some prefectures of Japan, the no-smoking policy is applied more flexibly.
2010年2月15日 星期一
2010年2月14日 星期日
2010年2月12日 星期五
日本山葉裁員
Recently Asahi News reported the following:
ヤマハ発動機は１２日、２０１５年までに、国内の先進国向け製品の１２工場を７工場に集約することを柱とした合理化策を発表した。０８年末以降の世界的な経済危機を受け、同日発表した０９年１２月期連結決算は８４年４月期以来の営業赤字に転落。収益改善に向け生産拠点再編に踏み切る。
生産を停止するのは、いずれも静岡県内の森町、掛川、浜松、新居、福田の５工場。昨年８月に３工場の停止を表明していたが、合理化対象を拡大した。計約６００人の従業員は他の工場などに移ってもらう。今後も需要の伸びが見込めない先進国向けの二輪車やボート、四輪バギー事業の合理化策の一つだ。海外でも１２年までに９工場を７工場に整理統合する。
人員削減策では、国内での８００人の希望退職募集をすでに発表しているが、欧米でも年内に２００人を削減するとした。一方、新興国向け二輪車事業は拡大。中国やインド向けに７万～９万円ほどの低価格車を投入する。
０９年１２月期連結決算は売上高が前期比２８．１％減の１兆１５３６億円、営業損益は６２５億円の赤字（前期は４８３億円の黒字）、純損益は２１６１億円の赤字（同１８億円の黒字）だった。
On the 12th, Yamaha Motor announced a rationalization plan that centered on consolidating 12 factories into seven by 2015, all of them manufactured products for export to advanced countries. Having suffered a worldwide economic crisis since the end of 2008, the consolidated accounting statement ending on December, 2009 announced on the same day showed a fall in the operating deficit since the period on April, 1984. It launched a production based reorganization that aimed at achieving earnings improvement. Five factories that would stop production were all in Shizuoka prefecture: Morimachi, Kakegawa, Hamamatsu, Arai, and Fukuda. This was an expansion of the rationalization target because last August it already declared that three factories had been stopped. About 600 employees in total were moved to other factories. This would be one of the rationalization plans for four-wheeled car business, which would also cover both the two-wheeled vehicles and the boats, both could not expect any demand increase in overseas. By 2012, nine factories in foreign counties would be consolidated into seven. Under the staff reduction plan, a scheme was announced that looked for 800 people to join the voluntary retirement plan, it was also assumed that 200 people would be reduced within the year in Europe and America. On the other hand, the two-wheeled vehicle business for the developing nation was increasing. The production of low-priced car ranging from 70,000 to 90,000 yen sold in China and India was up. As for the consolidated account ending December 2009, sales were 1,153,600,000,000 yen, a 28.1% decrease compared with the previous term, and it was a loss of 62.5 billion yen (The previous term was a surplus of 48.3 billion yen) in gross operating profit and loss, and a net deficit of 216.1 billion yen (surplus of 1.8 billion yen previously).
It seems that some companies in Japan are still fighting for their survival.
ヤマハ発動機は１２日、２０１５年までに、国内の先進国向け製品の１２工場を７工場に集約することを柱とした合理化策を発表した。０８年末以降の世界的な経済危機を受け、同日発表した０９年１２月期連結決算は８４年４月期以来の営業赤字に転落。収益改善に向け生産拠点再編に踏み切る。
生産を停止するのは、いずれも静岡県内の森町、掛川、浜松、新居、福田の５工場。昨年８月に３工場の停止を表明していたが、合理化対象を拡大した。計約６００人の従業員は他の工場などに移ってもらう。今後も需要の伸びが見込めない先進国向けの二輪車やボート、四輪バギー事業の合理化策の一つだ。海外でも１２年までに９工場を７工場に整理統合する。
人員削減策では、国内での８００人の希望退職募集をすでに発表しているが、欧米でも年内に２００人を削減するとした。一方、新興国向け二輪車事業は拡大。中国やインド向けに７万～９万円ほどの低価格車を投入する。
０９年１２月期連結決算は売上高が前期比２８．１％減の１兆１５３６億円、営業損益は６２５億円の赤字（前期は４８３億円の黒字）、純損益は２１６１億円の赤字（同１８億円の黒字）だった。
On the 12th, Yamaha Motor announced a rationalization plan that centered on consolidating 12 factories into seven by 2015, all of them manufactured products for export to advanced countries. Having suffered a worldwide economic crisis since the end of 2008, the consolidated accounting statement ending on December, 2009 announced on the same day showed a fall in the operating deficit since the period on April, 1984. It launched a production based reorganization that aimed at achieving earnings improvement. Five factories that would stop production were all in Shizuoka prefecture: Morimachi, Kakegawa, Hamamatsu, Arai, and Fukuda. This was an expansion of the rationalization target because last August it already declared that three factories had been stopped. About 600 employees in total were moved to other factories. This would be one of the rationalization plans for four-wheeled car business, which would also cover both the two-wheeled vehicles and the boats, both could not expect any demand increase in overseas. By 2012, nine factories in foreign counties would be consolidated into seven. Under the staff reduction plan, a scheme was announced that looked for 800 people to join the voluntary retirement plan, it was also assumed that 200 people would be reduced within the year in Europe and America. On the other hand, the two-wheeled vehicle business for the developing nation was increasing. The production of low-priced car ranging from 70,000 to 90,000 yen sold in China and India was up. As for the consolidated account ending December 2009, sales were 1,153,600,000,000 yen, a 28.1% decrease compared with the previous term, and it was a loss of 62.5 billion yen (The previous term was a surplus of 48.3 billion yen) in gross operating profit and loss, and a net deficit of 216.1 billion yen (surplus of 1.8 billion yen previously).
It seems that some companies in Japan are still fighting for their survival.
2010年2月9日 星期二
The China White Paper 1949(XIV)
Starting from the latter half of 1938, relationship between the KMT and CCP began to deteriorate, in particular after the fall of Hankow (漢口) in October 1938. KMT accused CCP for not allowing the National Government to exercise direct control over Communist armies in the field. Yet up to late 1940, large scale open hostilities were avoided although the Communist military forces continued to expand and infiltrate into regions outside the defense zones.1
In early January 1941, the conflict between KMT and CCP culminated in the "New Fourth Army Incident". In early 1944, the US sent Vice President Henry Wallace to China for the purpose of consolidating China's war effort against Japan. In September 1944, General Hurley as the Personal Representative of the US President visited China for the purpose of promoting the good relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and General Stilwell, an American General appointed to help Chiang to fight the war in China. During this period, more and more Americans believed that neither the KMT nor the CCP were eager to use their army to fight the Japanese.2 Their observation was that the situation in China was deteriorating as noted in the intelligence reports gathered by the Embassy, the Consulates or the Foreign Service officers who had the unique opportunity to travel and contact the Chinese Military authorities and make observations. In essence these reports centered around the following themes:
1. the intention of USSR in the Far East was an aggressive one.
2. the Chinese Communists had a background of subservience to the USSR, but nationalism had played a role in modifying its outlook.
3. the Chinese Communists were challenging the KMT for control of China.
4. the KMT and the National Government were disintegrating.
5. the rivalry between between the KMT and CCP could culminate in a civil war.
6. the Communist would win this war because of the weakness of the National Government.
7. from the view point of the US, it was desirable to encourage the KMT to reform and revitalize itself.3 (to be continued)
Notes:
In early January 1941, the conflict between KMT and CCP culminated in the "New Fourth Army Incident". In early 1944, the US sent Vice President Henry Wallace to China for the purpose of consolidating China's war effort against Japan. In September 1944, General Hurley as the Personal Representative of the US President visited China for the purpose of promoting the good relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and General Stilwell, an American General appointed to help Chiang to fight the war in China. During this period, more and more Americans believed that neither the KMT nor the CCP were eager to use their army to fight the Japanese.2 Their observation was that the situation in China was deteriorating as noted in the intelligence reports gathered by the Embassy, the Consulates or the Foreign Service officers who had the unique opportunity to travel and contact the Chinese Military authorities and make observations. In essence these reports centered around the following themes:
1. the intention of USSR in the Far East was an aggressive one.
2. the Chinese Communists had a background of subservience to the USSR, but nationalism had played a role in modifying its outlook.
3. the Chinese Communists were challenging the KMT for control of China.
4. the KMT and the National Government were disintegrating.
5. the rivalry between between the KMT and CCP could culminate in a civil war.
6. the Communist would win this war because of the weakness of the National Government.
7. from the view point of the US, it was desirable to encourage the KMT to reform and revitalize itself.3 (to be continued)
Notes:
1. United States, Department of State. The China White Paper-August 1949. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1967, page 53.
2. Ibid., page 61.
3. Ibid., pages 64-5.
2010年2月5日 星期五
舊日軍731部隊
Recently the Mainichi News reported the following:
第二次世界大戦後の占領下で、米軍が「細菌戦」などを研究した旧日本軍７３１部隊の関係者１２人の郵便物を検閲するよう指示していたことが分かった。山本武利・早稲田大教授（メディア史）が国立国会図書館の米公文書資料から、検閲指示の秘密文書を発見した。米軍は人体実験などのデータ提供と引き換えに、同部隊員らの戦犯訴追を免除した。その一方で、郵便検閲により関係者の動向を探っていた事実が明らかになったのは初めて。謎の多い部隊をめぐる情報収集に、米側が戦後、硬軟両様の手段を駆使していた事実が浮かび上がった。
文書は１９４６年２月１５日付で米陸軍参謀第２部（Ｇ２）から、連合国軍総司令部（ＧＨＱ）の民間検閲局（ＣＣＤ）あてに出された１枚。上下に「機密」のスタンプ、右上には「廃棄」を求めた手書きのメモがある。
内容は２項目で、最初に「下に挙げた人物の郵便物を検閲するように」と指示。７３１部隊長だった石井四郎（１８９２～１９５９年）や、石井の側近で戦後はミドリ十字を創設した内藤良一（１９０６～８２年）ら１２人の氏名をローマ字で、肩書や住所とともに列挙している。満州事変の首謀者、石原莞爾（１８８９～１９４９年）の名前もある。
検閲のポイントは五つで、石井や細菌戦に関するあらゆる言及など。「会合の手はず」なども挙げ、関係者同士の連絡にも注意して検閲するよう求めている。
第２の項目は、部隊の研究施設にいた「医学的な背景を持つ」とされる９人のリスト。住所は「不明」だが、これらの人物の動向にも注意するよう求めたとみられる。二つのリストとも、従来７３１部隊の関係者として知られていなかった名前が含まれている。
米軍は占領開始直後の４５年９月から、同部隊関係者の尋問を始めたが、当初から戦犯免責をちらつかせ、情報を引き出そうとした。４７年には実験データを提供させ、関係者の訴追は見送った。今回の文書は、米軍が尋問により証言を引き出すと同時に、郵便検閲を通し、ひそかに情報を得ようとしたことを示す。
山本教授は「東京裁判（極東国際軍事裁判）が始まる前の時期で、７３１部隊の免責に必要な作業だったのかもしれない」と話している。
It had been understood that when Japan was under the occupation of the American after World War II, the US military had directed the inspection of the mails of 12 persons who were connected to the 731 old Japanese army forces that researched on "Biological warfare". [Takeshiri] Yamamoto as the professor of Waseda University (History of Media) discovered at the National Diet Library some US official documents that allowed eyes-only inspection. The U.S. military exempted members of this force from war crime prosecutions in exchange for their offer of the data of the human experimentation. This was the first time for one side to use mail inspection to clarify facts and search for the movement of the concerned party. Through this information gathering on the force which was covered by lots of mysteries, the fact that after the war the US had been using threats and persuasion as the means had come to the surface.
It was one document dated February 15, 1946 sent from the staff office of the US Army Second Division (G2) to private inspection bureau (CCD) which was under the General Headquarters (GHQ). At the top and bottom of the document the word "Secret" was stamped. Hand-written memos that requested "Abandonment" was seen at the upper right corner.
The content had two items, first it instructed that, "The mail of the person enumerated below be inspected". Shiro Ishii (1892-1959) who was the head of 731 forces, and Ishii's aides, Ryoichi Naito (1906-82) who founded The Green Cross after the war were enumerated, in all 12 names were enumerated in Roman alphabet order with title and address. There was also the name Ishihara (1889-1949) who was the master-mind of the Manchurian Incident.
There were five points for the inspection, all were related to Ishii and the biological warfare. It requested to note, to inspect and to report "Arrangement of the meeting" etc. on people that communicated with this group.
Item two was a list of nine people related to research facilities of the Japanese force who "had medical background". Because their addresses were "unknown", it requested that these people's movement be noted. The list included two names previously not known to be connected to the 731 forces.
The U.S. military immediately after the occupation in September, 1945 tried to start questioning the persons related to this force, and to pull up information, amid the possibility of granting war crime immunity. The experimental data was offered in 1947, and prosecutions on the concerned parties were put off. This document showed that the US military tried to obtain information secretly through mail inspections and at the same time tried to draw out the testimony by questioning.
Prof. Yamamoto was speaking that "Probably the work on the immunity of 731 forces must be done at a time before the start of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (Far Eastern international, military trial) ".
The finding of Professor Yamamoto adds one more piece of evidence to support the belief held by Chinese historians that the US granted immunity to the 731 forces in order to obtain the experimental information.
第二次世界大戦後の占領下で、米軍が「細菌戦」などを研究した旧日本軍７３１部隊の関係者１２人の郵便物を検閲するよう指示していたことが分かった。山本武利・早稲田大教授（メディア史）が国立国会図書館の米公文書資料から、検閲指示の秘密文書を発見した。米軍は人体実験などのデータ提供と引き換えに、同部隊員らの戦犯訴追を免除した。その一方で、郵便検閲により関係者の動向を探っていた事実が明らかになったのは初めて。謎の多い部隊をめぐる情報収集に、米側が戦後、硬軟両様の手段を駆使していた事実が浮かび上がった。
文書は１９４６年２月１５日付で米陸軍参謀第２部（Ｇ２）から、連合国軍総司令部（ＧＨＱ）の民間検閲局（ＣＣＤ）あてに出された１枚。上下に「機密」のスタンプ、右上には「廃棄」を求めた手書きのメモがある。
内容は２項目で、最初に「下に挙げた人物の郵便物を検閲するように」と指示。７３１部隊長だった石井四郎（１８９２～１９５９年）や、石井の側近で戦後はミドリ十字を創設した内藤良一（１９０６～８２年）ら１２人の氏名をローマ字で、肩書や住所とともに列挙している。満州事変の首謀者、石原莞爾（１８８９～１９４９年）の名前もある。
検閲のポイントは五つで、石井や細菌戦に関するあらゆる言及など。「会合の手はず」なども挙げ、関係者同士の連絡にも注意して検閲するよう求めている。
第２の項目は、部隊の研究施設にいた「医学的な背景を持つ」とされる９人のリスト。住所は「不明」だが、これらの人物の動向にも注意するよう求めたとみられる。二つのリストとも、従来７３１部隊の関係者として知られていなかった名前が含まれている。
米軍は占領開始直後の４５年９月から、同部隊関係者の尋問を始めたが、当初から戦犯免責をちらつかせ、情報を引き出そうとした。４７年には実験データを提供させ、関係者の訴追は見送った。今回の文書は、米軍が尋問により証言を引き出すと同時に、郵便検閲を通し、ひそかに情報を得ようとしたことを示す。
山本教授は「東京裁判（極東国際軍事裁判）が始まる前の時期で、７３１部隊の免責に必要な作業だったのかもしれない」と話している。
It had been understood that when Japan was under the occupation of the American after World War II, the US military had directed the inspection of the mails of 12 persons who were connected to the 731 old Japanese army forces that researched on "Biological warfare". [Takeshiri] Yamamoto as the professor of Waseda University (History of Media) discovered at the National Diet Library some US official documents that allowed eyes-only inspection. The U.S. military exempted members of this force from war crime prosecutions in exchange for their offer of the data of the human experimentation. This was the first time for one side to use mail inspection to clarify facts and search for the movement of the concerned party. Through this information gathering on the force which was covered by lots of mysteries, the fact that after the war the US had been using threats and persuasion as the means had come to the surface.
It was one document dated February 15, 1946 sent from the staff office of the US Army Second Division (G2) to private inspection bureau (CCD) which was under the General Headquarters (GHQ). At the top and bottom of the document the word "Secret" was stamped. Hand-written memos that requested "Abandonment" was seen at the upper right corner.
The content had two items, first it instructed that, "The mail of the person enumerated below be inspected". Shiro Ishii (1892-1959) who was the head of 731 forces, and Ishii's aides, Ryoichi Naito (1906-82) who founded The Green Cross after the war were enumerated, in all 12 names were enumerated in Roman alphabet order with title and address. There was also the name Ishihara (1889-1949) who was the master-mind of the Manchurian Incident.
There were five points for the inspection, all were related to Ishii and the biological warfare. It requested to note, to inspect and to report "Arrangement of the meeting" etc. on people that communicated with this group.
Item two was a list of nine people related to research facilities of the Japanese force who "had medical background". Because their addresses were "unknown", it requested that these people's movement be noted. The list included two names previously not known to be connected to the 731 forces.
The U.S. military immediately after the occupation in September, 1945 tried to start questioning the persons related to this force, and to pull up information, amid the possibility of granting war crime immunity. The experimental data was offered in 1947, and prosecutions on the concerned parties were put off. This document showed that the US military tried to obtain information secretly through mail inspections and at the same time tried to draw out the testimony by questioning.
Prof. Yamamoto was speaking that "Probably the work on the immunity of 731 forces must be done at a time before the start of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (Far Eastern international, military trial) ".
The finding of Professor Yamamoto adds one more piece of evidence to support the belief held by Chinese historians that the US granted immunity to the 731 forces in order to obtain the experimental information.
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