tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27076370668601428452024-03-28T08:50:57.405-07:00Hojokiwinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.comBlogger2682125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-22356165359730283892024-03-28T08:50:00.000-07:002024-03-28T08:50:24.850-07:00在一家中國黑客公司的背後,一種由影響力、酒精和性所助長的骯髒文化 (3/3)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Behind the doors of a Chinese hacking company, a sordid
culture fueled by influence, alcohol and sex (3/3)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By Soo reported from Hong Kong. AP Technology Writer Frank
Bajak <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fri, March 8, 2024 at 1:30 a.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">LAX SECURITY, POOR PAY AMONG HACKING WORKERS<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s booming hackers-for-hire industry has been hit by
the country's recent economic downturn, leading to thin profits, low pay and an
exodus of talent, the leaked documents show.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon lost money and struggled with cash flow issues,
falling behind on payments to subcontractors. In the past few years, the
pandemic hit China’s economy, causing police to pull back on spending that hurt
I-Soon’s bottom line. “The government has no money,” I-Soon's COO wrote in
2020.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Staff are often poorly paid. In a salary document dated
2022, most staff on I-Soon’s safety evaluation and software development teams
were paid just 5,600 yuan ($915) to 9,000 yuan ($1,267) a month, with only a
handful receiving more than that. In the documents, I-Soon officials
acknowledged the low pay and worried about the company's reputation.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Low salaries and pay disparities caused employees to
complain, chat records show. Leaked employee lists show most I-Soon staff held
a degree from a vocational training school, not an undergraduate degree,
suggesting lower levels of education and training. Sales staff reported that
clients were dissatisfied with the quality of I-Soon data, making it difficult
to collect payments.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon is a fraction of China's hacking ecosystem. The
country boasts world-class hackers, many employed by the Chinese military and
other state institutions. But the company's troubles reflect broader issues in
China's private hacking industry. The country's cratering economy, Beijing's
tightening controls and the growing role of the state has led to an exodus of
top hacking talent, four cybersecurity analysts and Chinese industry insiders
told The Associated Press.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“China is no longer the country we used to know. A lot of
highly skilled people have been leaving,” said one industry insider, declining
to be named to speak on a sensitive topic. Under Xi, the person added, the
growing role of the state in China’s technology industry has emphasized
ideology over competence, impeded pay and made access to officials pivotal.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A major issue, people say, is that most Chinese officials
lack the technical literacy to verify contractor claims. So hacking companies
prioritize currying favor over delivering excellence.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In recent years, Beijing has heavily promoted China's tech
industry and the use of technology in government, part of a broader strategy to
facilitate the country's rise. But much of China’s data and cybersecurity work
has been contracted out to smaller subcontractors with novice programmers,
leading to poor digital practices and large leaks of data.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161477978">Despite the clandestine nature of
I-Soon’s work, the company has surprisingly lax security protocols. I-Soon’s
offices in Chengdu, for example, have minimal security and are open to the
public, despite posters on the walls of its offices reminding employees that
“to keep the country and the party’s secrets is every citizen’s required
duty." The leaked files show that top I-Soon executives communicated
frequently on WeChat, which lacks end-to-end encryption.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The documents do
show that staff are screened for political reliability. One metric, for
example, shows that I-Soon checks whether staff have any relatives overseas,
while another shows that employees are classified according to whether they are
members of China’s ruling Communist Party.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Still, Danowski, the cybersecurity analyst, says many
standards in China are often “just for show." But at the end of the day,
she added, it may not matter.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“It’s a little sloppy. The tools are not that impressive.
But the Ministry of Public Security sees that you get the job done,” she said
of I-Soon. “They will hire whoever can get the job done."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>___</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Soo reported from Hong Kong. AP Technology Writer Frank
Bajak in Boston contributed to this report.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">保安鬆懈,黑客工作低工資</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161478243"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">洩漏的文件顯示</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,中國蓬勃發展的僱用黑客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產業受到了中國近期經濟衰退的打擊,導致利潤微薄、工資低和人才外流。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">虧損並陷入現金流問題,未能及時向分包商付款。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">過去幾年,疫情對中國經濟造成重創,導致警方削減支出,損害了 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">的年終公司盤數。</span></span>I-Soon
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的營運長在</span>
2020 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年寫道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「政府沒有錢。」</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">員工的薪水往往很低。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">在一份日期為</span>2022
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年的薪資文件中,</span>I-Soon
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">安全評估和軟體開發團隊的大多數員工每月工資僅為</span>5,600
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">元人民幣(</span>915
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">美元)至</span>9,000
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">元人民幣(</span>1,267
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">美元),只有少數人的工資高於此。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">在文件中,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">職員承認薪資較低,並對<a name="_Hlk162507096">公司</a>聲譽表示擔憂。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">聊天記錄顯示,低薪和薪資差異導致員工抱怨。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">洩漏的員工名單顯示,大多數</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon<span lang="EN-US">員工擁有職業培訓學校的學位,而不是大學學位,這表明教育和培訓水平較低。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">銷售人員反映,客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">戶對 </span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">資料質素不滿意,導致收款困難。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">是中國<a name="_Hlk161476294">黑</a>客生態系統的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該國擁有世界級的黑客,其中許多受僱於中國軍方和其他國家機構。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但該公司的麻煩反映了中國私人黑客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產業的更廣泛問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">四位網路安全分析師和中國業</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內人士告訴美聯社,中國經濟的低迷、北京方面收緊的控制以及國家角色的增</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">強,導致頂級黑客人才大量外流。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一位因話題敏感而不願透露姓名的業</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">人士表示</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「中國不再是我們以前認識的那個國家了。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">許多高技能人才已經離開」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這位知情人士補充</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,在習近平的領導下,國家在中國科技行業中的角色日益增</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">強,強調意識形態而非能力,阻礙了薪酬,並使接觸官員變得至關重要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">人們</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,一個主要問題是大多數中國官員缺乏技術素養去核實承包商所說某件事是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">真</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">實的。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">因此,黑客公司優先考慮的是討好而不是提供卓越服務。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">近年來,北京大力推動中國科技</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產業和政府對科技的使用,作為促進國家崛起的更廣泛策略的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但中國的大部分數據和網路安全工作已外判給僱用無經驗程式設計師的小型分包商,導致數據行為不佳和大量資料外洩。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管</span> I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">的工作具有秘密性質,但該公司的安全守則卻出乎意料地寬鬆。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">例如,</span><a name="_Hlk161478259"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">在成都的辦公室只有很低安全度,而且辦公室向公眾開放,儘管牆上貼有海報,提醒員工「保守國家和黨的秘密是每個公民的義務」。洩漏的文件顯示,</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">層管理人員經常透過微信進行溝通,而微信缺乏點對點加密。</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這些文件確實表明,工作人員都經過了政治可靠性篩選。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">例如,一項指標顯示,</span>I-Soon
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">檢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查員工是否在海外有親屬,而另一項指標則顯示,根據員工是否是中國執政共產黨的黨員而進行分類。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管如此,網路安全分析師 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Danowski <span lang="EN-US">表示,中國的許多標準往往「只是為了展示給人看看」。但她補充</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,歸根結底,這可能並不重要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">她談到</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">時</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「這是有點草率。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">所用工具並不是那麼堂煌。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但公共安全部關注你完成了工作」</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">;</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「他們會僱用任何能完成工作的人」。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,
although the existence of these hacking contractors is an open secret in China,
little was known about how they operate. This report uses the leaked documents
from a firm called I-Soon to reveal an industry where corners are cut, rules
are murky and poorly enforced in the quest to make money.</span> Although they
are outside the government system, they help the authority get useful
information through hacking.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-26524176436090906762024-03-27T09:27:00.000-07:002024-03-27T09:27:14.119-07:00在一家中國黑客公司的背後,一種由影響力、酒精和性所助長的骯髒文化 (2/3)<p>Recently Yahoo Nes on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Behind the doors of a Chinese hacking company, a sordid
culture fueled by influence, alcohol and sex (2/3)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By Soo reported from Hong Kong. AP Technology Writer Frank
Bajak <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fri, March 8, 2024 at 1:30 a.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">DOCUMENTS REVEAL A SEEDY STATE-LED INDUSTRY<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Though I-Soon boasted about its hacking prowess in slick
marketing PowerPoint presentations, the real business took place at hotpot
parties, late night drinking sessions and poaching wars with competitors,
leaked records show. A picture emerges of a company enmeshed in a seedy,
sprawling industry that relies heavily on connections to get things done.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon leadership discussed buying gifts and which officials
liked red wine. They swapped tips on who was a lightweight, and who could
handle their liquor.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon executives paid “introduction fees” for lucrative
projects, chat records show, including tens of thousands of RMB (thousands of
dollars) to a man who landed them a 285,000 RMB ($40,000) contract with police
in Hebei province. To sweeten the deal, I-Soon’s chief operating officer, Chen
Cheng, suggested arranging the man a drinking and karaoke session with women.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“He likes to touch girls,” Chen wrote.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It wasn't just officials they courted. Competitors, too,
were targets of wooing over late night drinking sessions. Some were partners —
subcontractors or collaborators on government projects. Others were hated
rivals who constantly poached their staff. Often, they were both.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One, Chinese cybersecurity giant Qi Anxin, was especially
loathed, despite being one of I-Soon's key investors and business partners.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Qi Anxin’s HR is a green tea bitch who seduces our young
men everywhere and has no morals,” COO Chen wrote to Wu, the CEO, using a
Chinese internet slur that refers to innocent-looking but ambitious young
women.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon also has a complicated relationship with Chengdu 404,
a competitor charged by the U.S. Department of Justice for hacking over 100
targets worldwide. They worked with 404 and drank with their executives but
lagged on payments to the company and were eventually sued over a software
development contract, Chinese court records show.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161307210">The source of the I-Soon documents
is unclear, and executives and Chinese police are investigating. And though
Beijing has repeatedly denied involvement in offensive hacking, the leak
illustrates I-Soon and other hacking companies’ deep ties with the Chinese
state.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For example, chat
records show China’s Ministry of Public Security gave companies access to
proofs of concept of so-called “zero days”, the industry term for a previously
unknown software security hole. Zero days are prized because they can be
exploited until detected. I-Soon company executives debated how to obtain them.
They are regularly discovered at an annual Chinese state-sponsored hacking
competition.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161307210;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">In other records, executives discussed sponsoring hacking
competitions at Chinese universities to scout for new talent.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Many of I-Soon’s clients were police in cities across China,
a leaked contract list showed. I-Soon scouted for databases they thought would
sell well with officers, such as Vietnamese traffic data to the southeast
province of Yunnan, or data on exiled Tibetans to the Tibetan regional
government.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At times, I-Soon hacked on demand. One chat shows two parties
discussing a potential “long-term client” interested in data from several
government offices related to an unspecified “prime minister.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A Chinese state body, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also
owns a small stake in I-Soon through a Tibetan investment fund, Chinese
corporate records show.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon proclaimed their patriotism to win new business. Top
executives discussed participating in China's poverty alleviation scheme — one
of Chinese leader Xi Jinping's signature initiatives — to make connections.
I-Soon CEO Wu suggested his COO become a member of Chengdu’s People’s Political
Consultative Conference, a government advisory body comprised of scientists,
entrepreneurs, and other prominent members of society. And in interviews with
state media, Wu quoted Mencius, a Chinese philosopher, casting himself as a
scholar concerned with China's national interest.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But despite Wu's professed patriotism, leaked chat records
tell a more complicated story. They depict a competitive man motivated to get
rich.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“You can't be Lei Feng," Wu wrote in private messages,
referring to a long-dead Communist worker held up in propaganda for generations
as a paragon of selflessness. “If you don't make money, being famous is
useless."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">文件揭示了國家主導的骯髒非法活動</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產業</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">洩漏的記錄顯示,儘管</span> I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在花言巧語的營銷</span> PowerPoint <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">演示文稿中吹噓其黑客能力,但真正的業務發生在火鍋聚會、深夜飲酒聚會以及與競爭對手的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">偷獵戰爭中。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">境像顯示出一家公司陷入了一個骯髒、龐大的行業,該行業嚴重依賴關係來完成工作。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">領導層討論了購買禮物以及哪些官員喜歡紅酒。</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們交換了想法有關誰只是輕量級選手以及誰可以應付他們的請酒。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">聊天記錄顯示,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的高管為利潤豐厚的項目支付了</span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">介紹費</span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,其中包括向一名男子支付了數萬元人民幣(數千美元),該男子為他們與河北省警方簽訂了一份價</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">值</span>285,000 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">人民幣(</span>40,000 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美元)的合約。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為了讓這筆交易更加順利,</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">的營運長 </span>Chen
Cheng <span lang="EN-US">建議安排該男子與女性一起喝酒、唱卡拉</span></span> OK<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">寫道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「他喜歡觸碰女孩」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們不僅討好官員。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">競爭對手也成為深夜飲酒聚<a name="_Hlk162423062">會</a>的追求目標。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">其中一些是合作夥伴</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">政府專案的分包商或合作者。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">其他人則是令人討厭的競爭對手,會不斷挖走他們的員工。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">通常,他們又會是合作夥伴又會是競爭對手。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">其中之一是中國網路安全巨頭 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Qi Anxin<span lang="EN-US">,儘管它是</span></span>
I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的一個主要投資者和商業合作夥伴,但它其受到厭惡。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">首席營運官 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chen <span lang="EN-US">在給首席執行官 </span></span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">Wu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">先 生的信中寫道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「</span>Qi Anxin <span lang="EN-US">的</span></span>HR<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">是個綠茶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">婊,到處勾引我們的年輕人,沒有道德」</span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">, <span lang="EN-US">他用的是中國網絡上的誹謗語,指的是看起來天真無邪但野心勃勃的年輕女性。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與成都</span> 404 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的關係也很複雜,成都</span>
404 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">是一家被美國司法部指控入侵全球</span>
100 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">多個目標的競爭對手。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國法庭記錄顯示,他們與</span> 404 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">合作並與其行政主管喝酒,但因未能及時向公司付款,最終根據軟件開發合約而被起訴。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">文件的來源尚不清楚,高層和中國警方正在調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管北京一再否認參與攻擊性駭客活動,但這次洩密事件表明,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">和其他黑客公司與中國政府有著深厚的聯繫。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">例如,聊天記錄顯示,中國公安部向企業提供了所謂「零日」概念的證明,「零日」是一個行業術語,指的是以前未知的軟件安全漏洞。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">零日漏洞之所以受到重視,是因為它們可以在被發現之前被利用。</span> I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">公司的高層就如何獲得它們展開了辯論。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">安全漏洞經常在中國國家主辦的年度黑客競賽中被發現。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在其他記錄中,高層討論了贊助中國大學的黑客競賽以尋找新人才。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">洩漏的合約清單顯示,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的許多客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">戶都是中國各地城市的警察。</span>
I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">尋找他們認為很受官員歡迎的資料庫,例如越南接通雲南省東南部的交通數據,或西藏自治區政府的流亡藏人仕數據。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">有時,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">會根據需求而進行駭黑客攻擊。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一次聊天顯示,兩方正在討論一位潛在的</span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">長期客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">戶</span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,該客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">戶對多個政府辦公室與一位未指明的 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">總理</span>” <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">相關的資料感興趣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國企業記錄顯示,中國國家機構的<i>中國科學院 </i>也透過一家西藏投資基金擁有 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">的少量股份。</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">宣揚愛國心以贏得新業務。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">高階主管討論了參與中國的扶貧計劃</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國領導人習近平的標誌性舉措之一</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">以建立聯繫。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">執行長</span></span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">Wu<span lang="EN-US">建議他的營運長成</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為成都市人民政治協商會議的成員,這是一個由科學家、企業家和其他社會知名人士組成的政府諮詢機構。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在接受官方媒體採訪時,</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">Wu <span lang="EN-US">引用了中國哲學家孟子的話,將自己塑造成一位關心中國國家利益的學者。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">Wu<span lang="EN-US">聲稱愛國,但洩漏的聊天記錄卻講述了一個更複雜的故事。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">呈現出一個有競爭力、渴望致富的人。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Wu <span lang="EN-US">在私人資訊中寫道</span>: <span lang="EN-US">「你不可能成為雷鋒」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">,他指的是一位去世已久的共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產黨工人,他在宣傳中被世世代代視為無私的典範</span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">;<span lang="EN-US">「如果你不賺錢,出名也沒用」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-77174378452587521082024-03-25T08:50:00.000-07:002024-03-25T08:52:14.040-07:00在一家中國黑客公司的背後:一種由影響力、酒精和性所助長的骯髒文化 (1/3)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvS6e-ubj98YWvaivFBupr_elQ_P4LVWtCLBpy_Y9ZREkxIJLKfJnAS6amd5JSNfd8RPoAuIpjN4nrG1QHH_-l6VaCU4yKaBNdpxnE3FSWN0roz7BP3SF9xv_DTm7jNM0JI_OK0W_5hts9xT0eWp4QqkqUGFRnX5-jFMAjp7hiEC3VUKpK_lCMKz1OA8/s1214/hacker.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="1214" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvS6e-ubj98YWvaivFBupr_elQ_P4LVWtCLBpy_Y9ZREkxIJLKfJnAS6amd5JSNfd8RPoAuIpjN4nrG1QHH_-l6VaCU4yKaBNdpxnE3FSWN0roz7BP3SF9xv_DTm7jNM0JI_OK0W_5hts9xT0eWp4QqkqUGFRnX5-jFMAjp7hiEC3VUKpK_lCMKz1OA8/s320/hacker.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><b>Behind the doors of a Chinese hacking company, a sordid
culture fueled by influence, alcohol and sex (1/3)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By Soo reported from Hong Kong. AP Technology Writer Frank
Bajak <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fri, March 8, 2024 at 1:30 a.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">BEIJING (AP) — The hotel was spacious. It was upscale. It
had a karaoke bar. The perfect venue, the CEO of the Chinese hacking company
thought, to hold a Lunar New Year banquet currying favor with government
officials. There was just one drawback, his top deputy said.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Who goes there?" the deputy wrote. "The girls are
so ugly.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So goes the sordid wheeling and dealing that takes place
behind the scenes in China's hacking industry, as revealed in a highly unusual
leak last month of internal documents from a private contractor linked to
China's government and police. China’s hacking industry, the documents reveal,
suffers from shady business practices, disgruntlement over pay and work
quality, and poor security protocols.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Private hacking contractors are companies that steal data
from other countries to sell to the Chinese authorities. Over the past two
decades, Chinese state security's demand for overseas intelligence has soared,
giving rise to a vast network of these private hackers-for-hire companies that
have infiltrated hundreds of systems outside China.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Though the existence of these hacking contractors is an open
secret in China, little was known about how they operate. But the leaked
documents from a firm called I-Soon have pulled back the curtain, revealing a
seedy, sprawling industry where corners are cut and rules are murky and poorly
enforced in the quest to make money.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Leaked chat records show I-Soon executives wooing officials
over lavish dinners and late night binge drinking. They collude with
competitors to rig bidding for government contracts. They pay thousands of
dollars in “introduction fees” to contacts who bring them lucrative projects.
I-Soon has not commented on the documents.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mei Danowski, a cybersecurity analyst who wrote about I-Soon
on her blog, Natto Thoughts, said the documents show that China's hackers for
hire work much like any other industry in China.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“It is profit-driven," Danowski said. “It is subject to
China's business culture — who you know, who you dine and wine with, and who
you are friends with.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">HACKING THAT'S STYLED AS PATRIOTIC</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s hacking industry rose from the country’s early
hacker culture, first appearing in the 1990s as citizens bought computers and
went online.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I-Soon’s founder and CEO, Wu Haibo, was among them. Wu was a
member of China’s first hacktivist group, Green Army — a group known informally
as the “Whampoa Academy” after a famed Chinese military school.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Wu and some other hackers distinguished themselves by
declaring themselves “red hackers” — patriots who offered their services to the
Chinese Communist Party, in contrast to the freewheeling, anarchist and
anti-establishment ethos popular among many coders.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 2010, Wu founded I-Soon in Shanghai. Interviews he gave
to Chinese media depict a man determined to bolster his country’s hacking
capacity to catch up with rivals. In one 2011 interview, Wu lamented that China
still lagged far behind the United States: “There are many technology
enthusiasts in China, but there are very few enlightened people.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161302459">With the spread of the internet,
China’s hacking-for-hire industry boomed, emphasizing espionage and
intellectual property theft.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">High-profile hacks
by Chinese state agents, including one at the U.S. Office of Personnel
Management where personal data on 22 million existing or prospective federal
employees was stolen, got so serious that then-President Barack Obama
personally complained to Chinese leader Xi Jinping. They agreed in 2015 to cut
back on espionage.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161302459;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161302742">For a couple of years, the
intrusions subsided. But I-Soon and other private hacking outfits soon grew
more active than ever, providing Chinese state security forces cover and
deniability. I-Soon is “part of an ecosystem of contractors that has links to the
Chinese patriotic hacking scene,” said John Hultquist, chief analyst of
Google’s Mandiant cybersecurity unit.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These days, Chinese
hackers are a formidable force.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161302742;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">In May 2023, Microsoft disclosed that a Chinese
state-sponsored hacking group affiliated with China’s People’s Liberation Army
called “Volt Typhoon” was targeting critical infrastructure such as
telecommunications and ports in Guam, Hawaii, and elsewhere and could be laying
the groundwork for disruption in the event of conflict.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Today, hackers such as those at I-Soon outnumber FBI
cybersecurity staff by “at least 50 to one,” FBI director Christopher Wray said
January at a conference in Munich.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京(美聯社)</span>— <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這家旅館很寬敞。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這是高檔的。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">它有一個卡拉</span>
OK <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">酒吧。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這家中國黑客公司的執行長認為,這是舉辦農曆新年宴會來討好政府官員的完美場所。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他的高級副手</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">說,只有一個缺點。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">副手寫道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">:</span> <span lang="EN-US">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">誰會去那地方?</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,</span></span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">那裡的女孩太醜了。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這就是中國黑客</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產業幕後發生骯髒的違反規則的賺取利潤方法,是在上個月</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif">,
<span lang="EN-US">與中國政府和警方有聯繫的私人承包商的內部文件被非常不尋常地洩露。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">文件顯示,中國的黑客</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產業存在不正當的商業行為、對薪資和工作性質</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif">,
<span lang="EN-US">以及糟糕的安全業務守則不滿。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">私人黑客承包商是從其他國家竊取資料並出售給中國當局的公司。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">過去二十年來,中國國家安全部門對海外情報的需求激增,催生了由這些私人僱傭黑客公司組成的龐大網絡,這些公司已滲透到中國境外的數百個系統。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管這些黑客承包商的存在在中國是一個公開的秘密,但人們對他們的運作方式知之甚少。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但一家名為</span>
I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的公司洩漏的文件拉開了帷幕,揭露了這個不骯髒非法活動、龐大的行業,為了賺錢,這個行業走捷徑</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">,規則模糊且執行不力。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">洩漏的聊天記錄顯示,</span>I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">高層透過豪華晚餐和深夜酗酒向官員示好。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們與競爭對手串通操縱政府合約的投標。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們向為他們帶來利潤豐厚項目的聯繫人支付數千美元的「介紹費」。</span> I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">尚未對這些文件發表評論。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">網路安全分析師</span> Mei Danowski <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在她的網誌</span> Natto Thoughts <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">上撰寫了有關</span>
I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的文章,她表示,這些文件顯示,中國的僱用黑客的工作方式與中國的其他行業非常相似。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Danowski <span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">說</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">:</span> <span lang="EN-US">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這是以利潤為導向的</span>”<span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">; </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這取決於中國的商業文化</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">你認識誰,和誰一起吃飯喝酒,及你的朋友是誰。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">愛國主義化的黑客行為</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國的黑客</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產業起源於該國早期的黑客文化,最初出現在</span> 20 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">世紀</span>
90 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年代,當時公民購買了電腦並上網。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">I-Soon <span lang="EN-US">創始人兼執行長 </span>Wu Haibo </span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">就是其中之一。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">Wu<span lang="EN-US">是中國第一個黑客組織「綠軍」的成員,該組織以一所著名的中國軍事學校而被非正式地稱</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為「黃埔軍校」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">Wu <span lang="EN-US">和其他一些駭客以「紅色黑客」而聞名,他們是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為中國共</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產黨提供服務的愛國者,這與許多程式設計師中流行的隨心所欲、無政府主義和反建制的精神形成鮮明對比。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2010<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年,</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">Wu <span lang="EN-US">在上海創立了 </span></span>I-Soon<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他在接受中國媒體採訪時,顯示出決心增強國家的黑客能力,以趕上競爭對手。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在</span>2011<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年的一次採訪中,</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">Wu
<span lang="EN-US">感嘆中國仍然遠遠落後於美國:</span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國有很多技術愛好者,但開明的人卻很少。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">隨著網路的普及,中國的僱傭<a name="_Hlk161302556">黑</a>客</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產業蓬勃發展,其重點是間諜活動和知識財產權盜竊。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國國家特工的高調黑客攻擊,包括美國人事管理局的一次黑客攻擊,導致</span>2,200 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬現有或未來的聯邦僱員的個人資料被盜,其嚴重程度導致時任總統
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Barack
Obama <span lang="EN-US">親自向中國領導人習近平投訴。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們在</span>
2015 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年同意減少間諜活動。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">幾年來,入侵事件逐漸平息。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但</span>
I-Soon <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">和其他私人駭客組織很快就變得比以往任何時候都更加活躍,為中國國家安全部隊提供掩護和否認。</span> Google
Mandiant <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">網路安全部門首席分析師</span> John Hultquist <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,</span>I-Soon
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">是「與中國愛國黑客活動有聯繫的承包商生態系統的一部分」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">如今,中國黑客是一股強大的力量。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2023 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span>5 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月,微軟揭露,一個隸屬於中國人民解放軍、由中國國家支持、名為「</span>Volt
Typhoon<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">」的黑客組織正在瞄準關島、夏威夷和其他地方的電信和港口等關鍵基礎設施,並可能為在發生衝突時</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">去破壞網路安全奠定基礎。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">FBI <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">局長</span> Christopher Wray <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">一月份在慕尼黑舉行的一次會議上表示,如今,</span>I-Soon
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">等駭客的數量與</span>
FBI <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">網路安全人員的數量「至少為</span>
50 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">比</span>
1<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">」。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(未完待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-54244984876105959602024-03-23T09:11:00.000-07:002024-03-23T09:13:43.075-07:00Hong Kong's National Security Ordinance to come into effect on the 23rd raises concerns about impact on business activities, etc.<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Yesterday NHK News on-line reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港で「国家安全条例」</span>23</b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">日に施行へ</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">企業活動などに影響懸念</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>22<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">日</span> 21<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">時</span>40<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">分</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港では、スパイ行為など国家の安全を脅かす行為を取り締まる「国家安全条例」が、</span>23<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日に施行されます。条例をめぐっては、犯罪行為の定義が広くあいまいだという指摘があり、企業活動などへの影響が懸念されています。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港の「国家安全条例」は、</span>2020<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年に施行された「香港国家安全維持法」を補完するもので、</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">「国家機密」を盗むことやスパイ行為</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">反乱の扇動</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">外国勢力による干渉</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">などを犯罪として規定し、違反すれば最高で終身刑を科すとしています。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">親中派が議席をほぼ独占する香港の議会、立法会は、異例のスピードで審議を行い、</span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>19<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日に条例案を全会一致で可決しました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161994212"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">条例は、</span>23</a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">日に施行されます。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">この条例では、「国家機密」を不法に取得したり開示したりすると懲役</span>5<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年から</span>10<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年を科し、外国での行為も取締りの対象としています。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161994212;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「国家機密」には、「中国や香港の経済・社会、科学技術の発展に関する情報」も含まれると規定するなど範囲が広いうえ、具体的に何を「国家機密」とするかは当局の判断に委ねられ、ビジネスで知り得た情報なども国家機密にあたると判断されるのではないかと懸念する声が出ています。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「反スパイ法」が施行されている中国本土では、日本人がスパイ行為に関わったなどとして当局に拘束されるケースが相次いでいますが、「一国二制度」のもと、中国本土とは異なる法律が適用される香港で、どのような運用が行われるのか注目されています。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港市民は</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">「国家安全条例」が施行されることについて</span>22<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">日、香港の市民からはさまざまな声が聞かれました。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">60<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">代の男性は「この条例はもっと早く制定されるべきだった。厳しい内容と思うかもしれないが、あとからみれば国家の安全は重要だとわかるでしょう」と話していました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">また、この条例について尋ねたところ、</span>20<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">代の男性は「誰も何も言いたくなくなるでしょう」と答えていたほか、「話せない」などと発言を控える人たちの姿も目立ちました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">専門家「香港の独自性がますます失われる」</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国の社会問題に詳しい東京大学大学院の阿古智子教授は「具体的に、何をすれば国家の安全を脅かすことになるのか、非常にあいまいだ。条例の施行によって、慎重に行動したり、発言を控えたりすることが当たり前になってしまう」と述べ、香港で言論や行動の自由を制限する動きが広がることへの懸念を示しました。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">そして、香港で条例に対する表立った抗議がみられないことについて「市民は本音ではもう許せない、もう我慢できない、大声で抗議したいということだと思うが、それをやってしまうと、どこで何をされるか分からない。本当に苦しい状況だと思う」と指摘しました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">さらに阿古教授は、条例は日本のビジネス界などにも大きなリスクになると指摘したうえで、「外国企業の投資がどんどん香港から逃げていってしまい、香港の独自性がますます失われ、中国の一部になってしまう」と警鐘を鳴らしました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">そして、中国経済が低迷する中、条例の施行は中国に対する海外の見方にも影響するとして、「中国は自国の経済を回復させたいのに、自分から問題のある方向に突き進んでいるような感じがする」と批判しました。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In Hong Kong, the National Security Ordinance, which would
crack down on acts that threatened national security such as espionage, would come
into effect on the 23rd. Regarding the ordinance, it had been pointed out that
the definition of criminal acts was broad and ambiguous, and there were
concerns about its impact on business activities.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk162011555">Hong Kong's "National Security
Ordinance" </a>complemented the "Hong Kong National Security
Law" that came into effect in 2020.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span>Stealing "national secrets" and espionage<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span>Incitement of rebellion<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">▽</span>Interference by foreign powers<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It stipulated that such acts were crimes, and violations
thereof would be punishable by up to life in prison.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hong Kong's parliament, the Legislative Council, where
pro-Beijing factions basically monopolized the seats, deliberated at an
unprecedented speed and unanimously passed the ordinance on March 19th.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ordinance would come into effect on the 23rd.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Under this ordinance, anyone who illegally obtained or
disclosed "national secrets" could be sentenced to five to 10 years
in prison, and these acts done in foreign countries would also be subject to
crackdowns.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The scope of ``state secrets'' was wide, including
``information regarding the economy, society, and scientific and technological
development of China and Hong Kong,'' and it was up to the authorities to
decide what exactly would be ``state secrets.'' There were concerns that
information obtained in the course of business might be deemed to be state
secrets.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In mainland China, where the "Anti-espionage law" was
in effect, there were a number of cases in which Japanese nationals were
detained by the authorities for being involved in espionage. Under the
"one country, two systems" policy, there was a lot of attention on
how the system might be enforced in Hong Kong where laws were different from those
in mainland China were applied. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Hong Kong citizen</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On the 22nd, regarding the implementation of the National Security
Ordinance various voices were heard from Hong Kong citizens.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A man in his 60s said, ``This ordinance should have been
enacted sooner. You may think it's harsh, but in hindsight you'll realize that
national security is important.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, when asked about this ordinance, a man in his 20s
replied, ``No one will want to say anything,'' and it was also noticeable that
some people refrained from speaking, saying things like ``I can't talk about
it.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Expert: ``Hong Kong's uniqueness is increasingly being
lost''</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tomoko Ako (<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">阿古智子</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">)</span>, a professor at the University of
Tokyo's graduate school who was an expert on Chinese social issues, said, `` It
is very unclear on exactly doing what would threaten national security, to act
carefully and to refrain from speaking become the norm”, expressing concern
about the growing action to restrict freedom of speech and movement in Hong
Kong.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, regarding the lack of public protests against the
ordinance in Hong Kong, she said, ``I think the people in their hearts will say
that they can't tolerate it anymore, they can't stand it anymore, and they want
to protest loudly; but if they do that, they don't know where or what will
happen. I think it's a really difficult situation.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Professor Ako also pointed out that the ordinance posed a
big risk to the Japanese business community, and warned that ``As more and more
foreign companies flee Hong Kong, Hong Kong's uniqueness will be further lost,
and it is going to become a part of China".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As China's economy was in a slump, the enforcement of the
ordinance might also affect the way China was being perceived overseas, and criticized
that ``China wants to revive its own economy, but it feels like it is pushing
itself in a problematic direction.'' <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">So, in China where the
"anti-espionage law" is in effect, there are a number of cases in
which Japanese nationals are detained by the authorities while carrying out business
activities on suspicion of espionage. Hongkong is under the "one country,
two systems" policy, it is attracting attention to see how the new Hong
Kong's "National Security Ordinance"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>will be enforced there.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-54676537320810112402024-03-21T08:38:00.000-07:002024-03-21T08:38:08.201-07:00批評人士稱,香港國安法是棺材上的最後一根釘<p>Yesterday Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>HK security law is final nail in coffin, say critics<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Kelly Ng - BBC News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Wed, March 20, 2024 at 8:18 a.m. PDT<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Western leaders, the UN and rights groups have joined a
chorus of criticism of Hong Kong's new security law, saying it further erodes
freedoms.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Article 23, as it's known locally, was unanimously passed by
the city's pro-Beijing parliament, targeting a range of offences deemed
treasonous.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Officials say the law is essential for stability but
opponents called it a "nail in the city's coffin".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China has long pushed for the law and said
"smears" by critics would fail.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161845249">The new law allows for closed-door
trials, gives the police rights to detain suspects for up to 16 days without
charge and penalties including life sentences, among other things.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"The new
national security legislation is going to double down the repression on
freedoms in Hong Kong with extended egregious sentences and a broadened
definition of national security," said Frances Hui, an activist now based
in the US, who described the legislation as a "final nail in a closed
coffin".</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161845249;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">A group of 81 lawmakers and public figures from across the
world, including in the UK, US, Canada and South Korea, issued a joint
statement on Tuesday expressing "grave concerns" over the
legislation, which expands on the National Security Law imposed by Beijing in
2020, and criminalizes secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with
foreign forces.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"The legislation undermines due process and fair trial
rights and violates Hong Kong's obligations under international human rights
law, jeopardizing Hong Kong's role as an open international city," the
statement said, calling it yet another "devastating blow" for
freedom.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The US said it was "alarmed" by the "sweeping
and... vaguely-defined" provisions in the legislation, a concern echoed by
the EU, which said the law could affect the city's status as a business centre.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, the UK's Foreign Secretary David Cameron said the
law would "further damage rights and freedoms" and "entrench a
culture of self-censorship" in the former British colony. Hongkongers have
told the BBC how they are already being careful with what they say to friends
and colleagues, fearing an "informant culture" has developed in the
city.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lord Cameron's comments sparked a strong response from the
Chinese Embassy in the UK, which rubbished his remarks as "a serious
distortion of the facts".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China's government also hit back at the criticisms of
Article 23, saying it is "unswervingly determined to safeguard national
sovereignty, security and development interests, implement the 'one country,
two systems' policy, and oppose any external interference in Hong Kong
affairs".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"All attacks and smears will never succeed and are
doomed to fail," foreign ministry spokesman Lin Jian told a regular press
conference in Beijing.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hong Kong's leader John Lee had earlier also defended the
law - which was fast-tracked through its final phase on Tuesday - saying the
legislation would help the city "effectively prevent, suppress and punish
espionage activities, conspiracies and traps from foreign intelligence
agencies, and infiltration and sabotage by hostile forces".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161846619">"From now on, the people of
Hong Kong will no longer experience these harms and sorrows," he added.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But those who led
the pro-democracy protests against China's increasing influence on the city see
the new law as yet another lost battle.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161846619;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">It brings Hong Kong "one step closer to the system of
mainland China", former Hong Kong lawmaker Nathan Law, who is now in exile
in the UK, told the BBC's Newsday programme.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"The chilling effect... and the result of a collapse of
civil society is impacting most Hong Kong people."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ms. Hui said she is also concerned the law could also be used
to target HongKongers overseas, or their families and friends back home. The
city has previously offered bounties for information on activists who fled
overseas, and arrested four people in Hong Kong for supporting people abroad
who "endanger national security".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ms. Hui left Hong Kong in 2020 after Beijing imposed the NSL
that has since seen more than 260 people arrested. It was introduced in
response to massive pro-democracy protests which engulfed the city in 2019.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She said civil liberties in Hong Kong are "long
gone" four years after the NSL took effect.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chris Patten, Hong Kong's last British governor, described
the legislation as "another large nail in the coffin of human rights and
the rule of law in Hong Kong and a further disgraceful breach of the Joint
Declaration".</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hong Kong was handed back by the UK to China in 1997 under
the principle of "one country, two systems", which guaranteed the
city a certain degree of autonomy. While Beijing and Hong Kong both insist this
is still the case, critics and international rights groups say China's grip on
the city has only tightened with time.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">西方領導人、聯合國和人權組織紛紛批評香港新國安法,稱其進一步侵蝕自由。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">當地親北京的議會一致通過了當地稱為第</span> 23 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">條,它針對一系列被視為叛國的罪行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">官員表示,該法律對於穩定至關重要,但反對者稱其為「城市棺材上的釘子」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國長期以來一直在推動這項法律的實施,並表示批評者的「抹黑」不會成功。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">新法允許閉門審判,賦予警方在無提出檢控下將嫌疑人拘留長達</span> 16 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">天的權利,以及包括無期徒刑等處罰。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">現居美國的活動人 </span>Frances Hui <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示:「新的國家安全立法將加倍鎮壓香港的自由,延長令人震驚的刑期,並擴大國家安全的定義」</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,<span lang="EN-US">又將該立法描述為 「封棺的最後一根釘子」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">由英國、美國、加拿大和韓國等世界各地的</span> 81 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">名立法者和公眾人物組成的團體週二發表聯合聲明,對該立法表示</span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">嚴重關切</span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,該立法擴大了北京實施</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">2020<span lang="EN-US">年的《國家安全法》,將分裂國家、顛覆國家政權、恐怖主義和勾結外國勢力定為犯罪行為。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">聲明中寫道:「這項立法破壞了正當程序和公平審判權,違反了香港根據國際人權法承擔的義務,危及香港作為開放國際城市的角色」。並稱這是對自由的又一次「毀滅性打擊」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國表示,對該立法中 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">全面且</span>…<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">定義模糊</span>” <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的條款感到</span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">震驚</span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,歐盟也表達了同樣的擔憂,稱該法律可能會影響該市作為商業中心的地位。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">同時,英國外交大臣卡梅倫表示,該法律將 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">進一步損害權利和自由</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,並在這個前英國殖民地 </span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">鞏固自我審</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查文化</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港人告訴英國廣播公司,他們已經在對朋友和同事</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說話時保持謹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">慎,擔心「告密文化」在這座城市發展起來。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">卡梅倫勳爵的言論引發中國駐英國使館強烈反應,批評其言論「嚴重歪曲事實」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國政府也回擊了對第</span>23<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">條的批評,並表示「堅定不移維護國家主權、安全和發展利益,貫徹『一國兩制』政策,反對任何外部勢力幹預香港事務」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">外交部發言人林劍在北京舉行的例行記者會上表示,「一切攻擊抹黑都不會得逞,也注定失敗」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港特首李家超早些時候也為該法案辯護,稱該法案將有助於香港「有效預防、鎮壓和懲罰外國情報機構的間諜活動、陰謀和陷阱,敵對勢力滲透破壞」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他補充</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說:</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">從現在起,香港人民將不再經歷這些傷害和悲傷。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但那些領導抗議中國對香港影響力日益增強的民主抗議活動的人認為,新法又是一場失敗的戰鬥。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">目前流亡英國的前香港議員羅冠聰對英國廣播公司的 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Newsday <span lang="EN-US">節目表示,這讓香港「更接近中國大陸的制度」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">寒蟬效應</span>……<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">以及公民社會崩潰的結果正在影響大多數香港人。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Hui<span lang="EN-US">女士表示,她也擔心該法也可能被用來針對海外的香港人或其在國</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內的家人和朋友。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港先前曾懸賞尋找逃亡海外的活動人士的訊息,並在香港逮捕了四名支持海外「危害國家安全」人士的人。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京實施《國家安全<a name="_Hlk161858376">法</a>》後,已有</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> 260 <span lang="EN-US">多人被捕</span>, <span lang="EN-US">許女士於</span></span> 2020 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年離開香港。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">該法的推出是為了回應</span> 2019 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年席捲這座城市的大規模民主抗議活動。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">她表示,《國家安全法》生效四年後,香港的公民自由「早已不存在」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港最後一任英國總督彭定康形容這項立法是「香港人權和法治棺材上的另一根大釘,也是對《聯合聲明》的進一步可恥違反」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1997<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年,英國依照「一國兩制」的原則將香港交還給中國,保證了香港一定程度的自治權。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管北京和香港都堅稱情況仍然如此,但批評者和國際人權組織表示,隨著時間的推移,中國對香港的控制只會越來越強。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Article 23 is passed by the city's pro-Beijing
parliament. A group of 81 lawmakers and public figures from some free world
countries have issued a joint statement on Tuesday expressing "grave
concerns" over the legislation. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">critics
and international rights groups believe that China's grip on the city will only
be tightened with the passage of time. Let’s see how the western countries will
react to this new legislation when considering doing business in Hong Kong.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-82546226449507989452024-03-19T08:40:00.000-07:002024-03-19T08:40:06.163-07:00一名男子注射 217 次冠狀病毒疫苗後發生了什麼<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What happened after a man got 217 coronavirus shots<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rachel Pannett, (c) 2024 , The Washington Post<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tue, March 5, 2024 at 9:32 p.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">German researchers have examined a “hyper-vaccinated” man
they say received more than 200 coronavirus shots without any noticeable side
effects or harm to his immune system.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Their findings, published Monday in the Lancet Infectious
Diseases, a medical journal, indicate that coronavirus vaccines have a “good
degree of tolerability,” the researchers said, although they noted this was an
isolated case of “extraordinary hyper-vaccination.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The 62-year-old man came to researchers’ attention when
German prosecutors opened up a fraud investigation, gathering evidence that he
had obtained 130 coronavirus shots in a nine-month period - far more than
recommended by health authorities.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We learned about his case via newspaper articles,” Kilian
Schober, one of the study’s authors, said in a statement. “We then contacted
him and invited him to undergo various tests. … He was very interested in doing
so.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The man agreed to provide blood samples, including new
samples, the results from past blood tests and blood samples that had been
frozen in recent years.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The man said he had received 217 vaccinations for “private
reasons.” German authorities did not file criminal charges.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161073055">Going into the study, the
researchers had speculated that having so many shots could cause his immune
system to become fatigued. Vaccines create immune memory cells that are on
standby, ready to rapidly activate the body’s defenses in the event of an infection.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But in fact, the
researchers found that the man had more of these immune cells - known as
T-cells - than a control group that had received the standard three-dose
vaccine regimen. They also did not detect any fatigue in these cells, which
they said were just as effective as those of people who had received a typical
number of coronavirus shots.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161073055;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161073368">“Overall, we did not find any
indication for a weaker immune response, rather the contrary,” said Katharina
Kocher, one of the lead authors of the study.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even by the 217th
vaccination, researchers say the shot still had an effect: The man’s antibodies
against the coronavirus “increased significantly as a result.” (Researchers say
the man insisted on receiving another shot during the study. They took blood
samples, which helped them determine how his immune system was responding.)</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161073368;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">The researchers made it clear that despite their findings,
they “do not endorse hyper-vaccination as a strategy to enhance adaptive
immunity.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although they could not find any signs that the man had ever
contracted the coronavirus, they said they weren’t able to establish a causal
relationship between his “hyper-vaccination regimen” and avoiding infection.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">More than 60 million people in Germany have been vaccinated
against the coronavirus, and most of them have received several doses.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommended last month that people 65 and older get a second dose of
a coronavirus vaccine made available in the fall because they are at higher
risk for severe disease from the virus.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk161129615">Uptake since the CDC recommended
that people age 5 and older get an updated vaccine has been low - only about 22
percent of those 18 and older have received a dose of an updated vaccine. And
only about 42 percent of those 65 and older have received a dose, The
Washington Post previously reported.</a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk161129615;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">德國研究人員對一名「過度接種疫苗」的男子進行了檢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查,他們稱該男子接受了</span>
200 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">多次新冠疫苗注射,並沒有任何明顯的副作用或對其免疫系統造成傷害。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員表示,他們的研究結果週一發表在醫學雜誌《刺針傳染病》上,表明冠狀病毒疫苗具有 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">良好的耐受性</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,儘管他們指出這是一個 </span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">異常過度接種</span>” <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的個別案例。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">當德國檢察官展開一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">单</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">詐欺調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查時,這名</span> 62 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">歲的男子引起了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員的注意,調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查收集的證據表明,他在</span> 9 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">個月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內註射了</span>
130 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">劑新冠疫苗,遠遠超過衛生當局建議的數量。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該研究的作者之一 </span>Kilian Schober<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">在一份聲明中表示:</span></span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">我們通過報紙文章知悉他的案件。</span>” <span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">“<span lang="EN-US">然後我們聯繫了他並邀請他接受各種測試。</span></span> ……<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他對此非常感興趣。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該男子同意提供血液樣本,包括新樣本、過去血液檢測的結果以及近年來冷凍的血液樣本。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該男子表示,他出於「私人原因」接種了</span> 217 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">種疫苗。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">德國當局沒有提出刑事指控。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在研究中,研究人員推測,注射過多的疫苗可能會導致他的免疫系統疲勞。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">疫苗會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產生處於待命狀態的免疫記憶細胞,準備在感染時迅速啟動人體的防禦能力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但事實上,研究人員發現,與接受標準三劑疫苗方案的對照組相比,該男子體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內的免疫細胞(稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為</span>
T <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">細胞)更多。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他們也沒有發現這些細胞有任何疲勞,他們</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說這與接受典型數量的冠狀病毒注射的人的細胞一樣有效。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該研究的主要作者之一 </span>Katharina Kocher <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示:</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">總的來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,我們沒有發現任何免疫反應減弱的跡象,恰恰是相反。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員表示,即使接種了第</span> 217 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">次疫苗,注射仍然有效:該男子的冠狀病毒抗體「因此顯著增加」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(研究人員表示,該男子在研究期間堅持要再注射一次。他們採集了血液樣本,這有助於他們確定他的免疫系統是如何反應。)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員明確表示,儘管有他們的發現,但他們「並不認可過度接種疫苗作為增強適應性免疫的策略」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管他們沒有發現該男子曾經感染過冠狀病毒的任何跡象,但表示無法在他的「過度疫苗接種方案」和未受感染之間建立因果關係。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">德國已有超過</span> 6,000 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬人接種了冠狀病毒疫苗,其中大多數人已經接種了幾劑。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在美國,疾病管制與預防中心上個月建議</span> 65 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">歲及以上的人接種秋季推出的第二劑冠狀病毒疫苗,因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為他們會因該病毒而患嚴重疾病的風險較高。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">自</span> CDC <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">建議</span> 5 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">歲及以上人群接種更新疫苗以來,接種率一直很低</span>
- 18 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">歲及以上人群中只有約</span> 22% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">接種了一劑更新疫苗。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">根據《華盛頓郵報》先前報道,</span>65 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">歲及以上的老年人中只有約</span> 42% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">接種過疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">a case report indicates that coronavirus
vaccines have a “good degree of tolerability” as a “hyper-vaccinated” man who
has received more than 200 coronavirus shots still without any noticeable side
effects or harm to his immune system. It seems that we now know more about our
immune system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Note:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <b>Lancet</b> (<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">刺針</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">雜誌</span>) is a weekly peer-reviewed
general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It was founded in
1823 by Thomas Wakley, an English surgeon who named it after the surgical
instrument called a lancet (scalpel). The journal publishes original research
articles, review articles ("seminars" and "reviews"),
editorials, book reviews, correspondence, as well as news features and case
reports. The Lancet also publishes several specialty journals: The Lancet
Neurology (neurology), The Lancet Oncology (oncology), The<b> Lancet Infectious
Diseases</b> (infectious diseases), The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (respiratory
medicine), The Lancet Psychiatry (psychiatry), The Lancet Diabetes and
Endocrinology (endocrinology), and The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology
(gastroenterology) all of which publish original research and reviews.
(Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-43498721189757101642024-03-17T08:36:00.000-07:002024-03-17T08:36:05.382-07:00Childcare costs in China are among the highest in the world<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国の養育費、世界でも有数の高額</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.26 Mon posted at 17:00 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">香港(CNN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国の養育費は世界でも有数の高額にのぼっていることがわかった。中国のシンクタンク「育媧人口研究」が発表した新たな報告書で明らかになった。女性への不均衡な影響が高齢化の危機に直面している中国の急激な少子化を促進している。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">報告書によれば、出生から17歳までの子育てにかかる費用の全国平均は約7万4800ドル(約1100万円)。学士号の習得まで養育する場合は9万4500ドル余りが必要となる。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">報告書によれば、中国で子どもを18歳まで養育する費用は、同国の1人あたりGDP(国内総生産)の6.3倍。この比率は韓国の同7.79倍に次いで2番目。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">オーストラリアは同2.08倍、フランスは2.24倍、米国は4.11倍、日本は4.26倍などとなっている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">報告書は「出産にかかる費用の高さや、女性が家庭と仕事を両立させることの難しさなどの理由から、中国人の子どもを持つという意欲は、ほぼ世界最低の水準にある。現在の状況を出生人口の崩壊と表現しても過言ではない」と指摘した。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.26 Mon posted at 17:00 JST</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hong Kong (CNN) It was understood that China's child support
costs had climbed to one of the highest in the world. This was revealed in a
new report released by the Chinese think tank YuWa Population Research. The
disproportionate on women is driving a rapidly declining birthrate in China
which was facing an aging crisis.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the report, the national average cost of
raising a child from birth to age 17 would be approximately $74,800
(approximately 11 million yen). If you wanted to raise a child until the completion
of a bachelor's degree, you would need to pay over $94,500.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the report, the cost of raising a child in
China until the age of 18 would be 6.3 times the country's per capita GDP
(gross domestic product). This ratio was second only to South Korea's 7.79
times.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On the same base Australia was 2.08 times, France was 2.24
times, the United States was 4.11 times, and Japan was 4.26 times.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The report stated, ``Due to the high cost of childbirth and
the difficulty women have in balancing family and work, Chinese people's desire
to have children is almost at the lowest level in the world. It is no
exaggeration to describe the current situation as a collapse in the birth
population."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, a
report has found that China’s child supporting costs has climbed to one of the
highest in the world. I am wondering how accurate the calculation is as China’s
living standard is not that high compared with many advanced countries. Also,
we have to remember that China is a vast country with regional differences.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">YuWa Population Research</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">育</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">娲人口研究</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">) in the web-site
says that they are</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> a public welfare institution dedicating to research on population
and related public policies. It is established under the leadership of Mr.
Liang Jianzhang (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">梁建章</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Mr. Ren
Zeping (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">任</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">泽平</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> and
others. It brings together a group of outstanding experts on population and
economic in China with a mission to promote the progress of China's population
research and public policies. It focuses on population situation analysis,
trend prediction, population mobility, fertility costs, fertility policy, etc. The
experts are committed to become a top institution in population research that delivers
positive energy of social responsibility, and provides advice and suggestion
for promoting the healthy development of China's population and economy.
(https://yuwa.org.cn/about)<o:p></o:p></span></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-27640171722662216752024-03-15T08:37:00.000-07:002024-03-15T08:37:50.218-07:00Russia's treasury is unusually affluent; cash on hand is 13 times more than before the invasion<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">ロシア国庫、異例の潤沢ぶり 手持ち現金は侵略前の13倍以上</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.25 Sun posted at 17:00 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tweet <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk160376159"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(CNN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160376159;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">フィンランドに拠点を置く独立系の調査団体は25日までに、ロシアの国庫の現状に触れ、3年目に突入したウクライナ侵略の前の水準に比べ13倍以上の現金を抱えるかつてない潤沢ぶりを示しているとの分析結果を公表した。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">インドへの原油輸出が昨年、過去最高となる370億米ドルに達したことが主因とした。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160376159;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">CNNは同団体「エネルギー・クリーンエア研究センター」(CREA)による分析結果を独占的に共有できる便宜を得た。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">インドに流れたロシア産原油の一部はインド西部沿岸部に位置する製油所で石油製品に加工され、米国や他の諸国へ輸出されていた。これら諸国はロシア産原油を締め出す制裁措置に加わってもいた。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ロシア以外で精製された石油製品は制裁措置の対象外となっており、「抜け穴」との批判も出ている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">CREAによると、ロシア産原油を材料にしたインドによる精製品の買い手は昨年、13億ドル相当の取引をしていた米国が最大の顧客となっていた。対象の期間は2022年12月から昨年末までだった。これら分析は公開されている海運あるいはエネルギー関連のデータに基づいた。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ロシア政府の歳入は昨年、過去最高の約3200億ドルに達し、さらに膨らむ見通しとなっている。このうちの約3分の1がウクライナでの戦費に充てられていた。今年はこの比率がさらに増える見通し。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">米欧などが拒むロシア産原油の引き取りについてインドは、国際的な石油価格を低めにし続けるための方途と正当化している。西側諸国とは中東産の原油の確保で競合していないとも主張。インドが中東産原油の一層の調達に乗り出せば、原油価格は1バレルあたり75~76ドルの水準ではなく、150ドルに急騰するだろうとも説いた。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ロシアによるインドへの原油販売は制裁措置には抵触せす、全面的に合法な取引となっている。ただ、専門家らによるインドへの海上輸送路の調査では、膨大な輸出量の背後にはいわゆる「影の原油タンカー船団」が絡んでいることがうかがえた。この船団は、ロシアが取引相手や商談の方途の偽装を試み、手にする収益を最大限にするために編成したものともされている。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(CNN) <a name="_Hlk160950422">An independent research group
based in Finland on the 25<sup>th</sup> released the analysis on the current
state of Russia's state treasury, for the first time it held an unprecedented
amount of cash that was more than 13 times the level before the invasion of
Ukraine which was now in its third year.</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The main reason for this was that crude oil exports to India
reached a record high of US$37 billion last year.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">CNN had the privilege of exclusively sharing the results of
the analysis by the Center for Energy and Clean Air Research (CREA).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of the Russian crude oil that flowed into India was
processed into petroleum products at refineries located on India's western
coast and exported to the United States and other countries. These countries
also joined in the sanctions banning Russian oil.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Petroleum products refined outside of Russia were not
subject to sanctions, which some had criticized this as a "loophole."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to CREA, India's largest buyer of refined products
made from Russian crude last year was the United States, which did transactions
worth $1.3 billion. The period covered was from December 2022 to the end of
last year. These analyzes were based on publicly available shipping or
energy-related data.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Russian government revenues reached a record high of about
$320 billion last year, and were expected to rise further. Approximately
one-third of this amount was used to pay for the war in Ukraine. This ratio was
expected to increase further this year.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">India took over Russian crude oil, which the United States,
Europe, and other countries had refused, and justified it as a way to keep
international oil prices low. It also insisted that the country was not
competing with Western countries to secure oil from the Middle East. It also
said that if India started procuring more crude oil from the Middle East, the
price of crude oil would skyrocket to $150 per barrel instead of the $75-76
level.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Russia's sale of crude oil to India was not subject to
sanctions and completely legal. However, an investigation by experts into
maritime shipping routes to India had revealed that a so-called "shadow
crude oil tanker fleet" was behind the huge export volume. The fleet was
believed to have been organized by Russia in an attempt to disguise its trading
partners and ways in business negotiations so as to maximize profits.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,
Russia is holding an unprecedented amount of cash that is more than 13 times
the level before the invasion of Ukraine through the export of crude oil to
India. Petroleum products refined outside of Russia are not subject to
sanctions and could be a "loophole." It seems that oil embargo is not
so effective in barring Russia to get money to fund its war in Ukraine.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA)</b>
in its web-site says that they are an independent research organisation focused
on revealing the trends, causes, and health impacts, as well as the solutions
to air pollution. They use scientific data, research and evidence to support
the efforts of governments, companies and campaigning organisations worldwide
in their efforts to move towards clean energy and clean air.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CREA is registered as a nonprofit in Finland,
with staff across Asia and Europe. (https://energyandcleanair.org/about-us/)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-51841840948471590582024-03-13T08:45:00.000-07:002024-03-13T08:45:11.442-07:00烏克蘭境內北韓飛彈碎片可能暴露採購網路 (2/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Debris from North Korean missile in Ukraine could expose
procurement networks (2/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">David Brunnstrom<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 22, 2024 at 2:20 p.m. PST·3 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">CAR said it was working with industry to trace the missile
components and identify the entities responsible for their diversion to North
Korea, so would not identify the companies linked to their production. It also
did not identify specific components.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Martyn Williams of 38 North, a Washington-based North Korea
project, said many components made by U.S. firms were easily available online
or from electronics markets around the world.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"That North Korea can get these is not surprising at
all, and I don't think anyone imagined the sanctions regime would be able to
stop the flow of common components," he said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"There are however much more specialized components in
missiles and some of those are not a click away on the internet. Those are also
the type of thing that sanctions are meant to stop, so the presence of more
specialized components would be more worrying."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Katsu Furukawa, a former member of the U.N. Panel of Experts
in charge of monitoring U.N. sanctions against North Korea, said the bulk of
the components shown in a photo in the CAR report appeared to be widely
available commercial items.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However in past U.N. investigations, he said, there were
usually a few specific items such as pressure transmitters and flight control
computers that enabled investigators to track procurement routes and identify
the perpetrators.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">38 North director Jenny Town said such specialized items
could only be obtained from a small number of vendors and should have more of a
procurement paper trail.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The U.S. State Department said Washington uses export
controls, sanctions, and law enforcement actions to prevent North Korea
acquiring technology for its weapons programs and to prevent Russia acquiring
such weapons.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"We work closely with the U.S. private sector, as well
as foreign allied and partner states, in these efforts," a spokesperson
said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Reporting by David Brunnstrom; Editing by Don Durfee and
Daniel Wallis)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<b>Translation</b><br />
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">CAR <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,它正在與業界合作追蹤飛彈零件並</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">查明負責將其轉移到北韓的實體,因此不會透露與其生產相關的公司。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">它還沒有指出具體的零件部分。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">華盛頓的北韓計畫中的</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i>38 North</i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的 </span>Martyn
Williams <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,美國公司製造的許多零件很容易在網路上或從世界各地的電子市場獲得。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說:</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北韓能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">夠獲得這些材料一點也不奇怪,我認為沒有人想到制裁制度能夠阻止通用零件的流動。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">“<span lang="EN-US">然而,導彈中有些更特定的部件,其<a name="_Hlk160374422">中</a>一些不是通過互聯網點擊即可獲得的。這些也是制裁旨在阻止的種類,因此更特定部件的出現會更令人擔憂。</span></span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">負責監督聯合國對北韓制裁的聯合國專家小組前成員</span> Katsu Furukawa <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">CAR <span lang="EN-US">報告中照片中顯示的大部分零件似乎是廣泛使用的商業部件。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">然而,他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說在過去的聯合國調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查中,通常有一些特定的物品,例如壓力傳送器和飛行控制電腦,使調查人員能夠追蹤採購路線並識別肇事者。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>38 North</i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">主管</span> Jenny Town <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,此類特殊物品只能從少數供應商處取得,並且應該有更多的採購文件記錄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國國務院表示,華盛頓利用出口管制、制裁和執法行動來阻止北韓取得技術進行武器計劃,並阻止俄羅斯取得此類武器。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一位發言<a name="_Hlk160375759">人</a>表示:</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在這些努力中,我們與美國私人公司以及外國盟友和夥伴密切合作。</span>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,</span>
the purpose of sanction is not<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> to stop the flow
of common components, there are usually a few specific items such as pressure
transmitters and flight control computers that will be focused on so as to
enable investigators to track procurement routes and identify suppliers.</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-60652460711554610952024-03-12T08:55:00.000-07:002024-03-12T08:59:40.531-07:00烏克蘭境內北韓飛彈碎片可能暴露採購網路 (1/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Debris from North Korean missile in Ukraine could expose
procurement networks (1/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">David Brunnstrom<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 22, 2024 at 2:20 p.m. PST·3 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Revelations that a North Korean
missile fired by Russia in Ukraine contained a large number of components
linked to U.S.-based companies underline the difficulty of enforcing sanctions
against Pyongyang, but could help uncover illicit procurement networks, experts
say.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Conflict Armament Research (CAR), a UK-based organization
that tracks the origins of weapons used in conflicts, examined the remnants of
a North Korean ballistic missile used by Russia against Ukrainian forces in
Kharkiv on Jan. 2.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In a report released this week, it said it examined
electronic components, including for the missile's navigation system, and found
many were recently manufactured and bore the marks of companies based in the
United States.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It said 75% of the components documented were "linked
to companies incorporated in the United States," 16% to companies in
Europe, and 11% to companies in Asia.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Date codes on the components indicated more than three
quarters were produced between 2021 and 2023 and that the missile could not
have been assembled before March last year, the report said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sanctions experts said the findings were not surprising even
though for years the United States has led international efforts to restrict
North Korea's ability to obtain parts and funding for its ballistic missile and
nuclear weapons programs.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk160263299">CAR said its findings showed both
how difficult it is to control the export of commercial electronic components,
and how reliant countries such as North Korea, Russia and Iran are on imported
technology.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"North Korea
(and Russia and Iran) are experts in avoiding U.N. and U.S. sanctions through
front companies and other efforts," said Anthony Ruggiero of Washington's
Foundation for Defense of Democracies think tank, who directed North Korea sanctions
efforts in the Trump administration.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160263299;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">"While U.S. sanctions are robust on paper, sanctions
must be enforced to be effective," he said, stressing the need for
Washington and it allies to continually update sanctions lists and spend on
enforcement.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"We are not doing either one on North Korea
sanctions," he said, adding that the Biden administration particularly
needed to do more to target Chinese companies, individuals, and banks aiding
sanctions evasion.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">華盛頓(路透社)</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">專家表示,俄羅斯在烏克蘭發射的北韓飛彈含有大量與美國公司有關的零件的消息凸顯了對平壤實施制裁的難度,但可能有助於揭露非法採購網路。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">衝突軍備研究</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(</span>CAR<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">)是一家追蹤衝突中使用的武器來源的英國組織,該組織於</span>
1 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>
2 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日在哈爾科夫檢</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">查了俄羅斯針對烏克蘭軍隊使用的朝鮮彈道飛彈的殘餘物。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在本週發布的一份報告中,該公司表示,它檢</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">查了包括導彈導航系統在內的電子元件,發現許多電子部件是最近製造的,並帶有美國公司的標記。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">報告稱,所記錄的組件中</span> 75% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在美國註冊的公司有關</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,</span></span>16% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與歐洲公司有關,</span>11%
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與亞洲公司有關。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">報告稱,這些部件上的日期代碼顯示,超過四分之三的部件是在</span> 2021 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年至</span> 2023
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年期間生</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">產的,該導彈不可能在去年</span> 3 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月之前組裝。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">制裁專家表示,儘管多年來美國一直主導國際社會努力限制北韓為其彈道飛彈和核武計畫獲取零件和資金,但這項調</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">查結果並不令人感到意外。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>CAR <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,其調</span><span face=""Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">查結果顯示控制商業電子部件的出口有多麼困難,以及北韓、俄羅斯和伊朗等國家對進口技術的依賴程度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">曾負責指導特朗普政府的北韓制裁工作的<i>華盛頓保衛民主基金會 </i>智庫的 </span>Anthony Ruggiero<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">表示:「北韓(以及俄羅斯和伊朗)是透過幌子公司和其他努力避免聯合國和美國制裁的專家」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">說:「雖然美國的<a name="_Hlk160351236">制裁</a>在紙面上是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">強力的,但制裁必須得到執行才能有效。」他強調華盛頓及其盟國需要不斷更新制裁清單並在執行方面投入資金。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">說:「</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">我們</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">在更新制裁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">清</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">單和在執行方面投入資金上</span><span face=""Malgun Gothic", sans-serif">, <span lang="EN-US">對北韓沒有造出過任何動作」</span>;
<span lang="EN-US">並補充說,拜登政府特別需要採取更多行動來針對協助逃避制裁的中國公司、個人和銀行。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-72115251154362312252024-03-11T08:53:00.000-07:002024-03-11T08:56:08.441-07:00丹麥首相稱丹麥將向烏克蘭派出 “全部火砲”<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Denmark to send its 'entire artillery' to Ukraine, the
country's prime minister says<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nathan Rennolds<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sun, February 18, 2024 at 9:32 a.m. PST·3 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Denmark is sending its "entire artillery" to
Ukraine, the Danish prime minister has said.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Speaking at the Munich Security Conference, Mette
Frederiksen appealed to other European nations to do more to help Ukraine in
its fight against Russian President Vladimir Putin's invading forces.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"They are asking us for ammunition now. Artillery now.
From the Danish side, we decided to donate our entire artillery," she
said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"I'm sorry to say, friends, there are still ammunition
in stock in Europe," she continued. "This is not only a question
about production, because we have weapons, we have ammunition, we have air
defense that we don't have to use ourself at the moment, that we should deliver
to Ukraine."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It comes as Ukrainian forces withdrew from the key eastern
town of Avdiivka amid severe munitions shortages.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Danish announcement will come as particularly welcome
news in Ukraine as its military has been starved of artillery shells, forcing
it to scale back some operations, Brigadier General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi told
Reuters in December.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"There's a problem with ammunition, especially
post-Soviet (shells) - that's 122 mm, 152 mm. And today, these problems exist
across the entire front line," he said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, in more positive news to alleviate the ammo
famine, the Czech Republic says it could supply 800,000 shells to the Ukrainian
military.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Czech President Petr Pavel said in a speech at the Munich
Security Conference on 17 February that it had a stockpile of about half a
million 155 mm and 300,000 122 mm shells, which can be on the Ukraine frontline
in a few weeks "if funding is found quickly."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Denmark is a key supporter of Ukraine</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Denmark has been a key supporter of Ukraine since Russia
launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the
Nordic country's military aid commitments increased by 3.5 billion euros, or
around $3.8 billion, since November — making it one of the biggest military
donors by percentage of GDP, the institute says.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Denmark has pledged 8.4 billion euros, around $9 billion, in
military aid.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With a crucial $60 billion US aid package stalled in
Congress, European support is becoming ever more important for Ukraine.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Earlier this year, the European Union agreed to a new 50
billion euro, or around $53.9 billion, aid package for Ukraine.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"This locks in steadfast, long-term, predictable
funding for Ukraine. The EU is taking leadership and responsibility in support
for Ukraine; we know what is at stake," President of the European Council
Charles Michel said at the time, per Reuters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">丹麥首相表示,丹麥正在向烏克蘭派遣「全部火砲」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Mette Frederiksen </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在慕尼黑安全會議上發表講話,呼籲其他歐洲國家採取更多措施幫助烏克蘭對抗俄羅斯總統普京的入侵部隊。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">她</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「他們向我們要求即時的彈藥。即時的大砲。丹麥方面,我們決定捐贈我們的全部大砲」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">她繼續</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">道</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「我很遺憾地</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,朋友們,歐洲仍有彈藥庫存」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「這不是一個生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產上的問題,因為我們有武器,我們有彈藥,我們有防空系統,我們目前不需使用它們,我們應該將其交付給烏克蘭」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在此之前,烏克蘭軍隊因彈藥嚴重短缺而從東部重鎮 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Avdiivka <span lang="EN-US">撤出。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Oleksandr Tarnavskyi <span lang="EN-US">准將去年</span></span> 12 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月對路透社表示,丹麥的宣布對烏克蘭來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說是一個特別受歡迎的消息,因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為烏克蘭軍隊一直缺乏砲彈,迫使其縮減一些行動。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「彈藥存在着問題,尤其是後蘇聯時代的彈藥</span></span> - 122<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">毫米、</span>152<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">毫米。而今天,這些問題存在於整個前線」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">同時,緩解彈藥荒的更積極消息是,捷克表示可以向烏克蘭軍隊供應</span>80<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬發砲彈。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">捷克總統 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Petr Pavel </span>2<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>17<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日在慕尼黑安全會議上發表演</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說時表示,捷克擁有約</span>50<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬枚</span>155<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">毫米砲彈和</span>30<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬枚</span>122<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">毫米砲彈的庫存,「
如果迅速地找到資金 ,這些砲彈將在幾週</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內到達烏克蘭前線</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">丹麥是烏克蘭的主要支持者</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">自俄羅斯在</span> 2022 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span> 2 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">月發動全面入侵以來,丹麥一直是烏克蘭的重要支持者。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">據<i>基爾世界經濟研究所 </i>稱,自</span> 11 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">月以來,北歐國家的軍事援助承諾增加了</span> 35 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">億歐元(約</span>
38 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元),使其成為按佔</span>
GDP <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">百分比計算的最大軍事捐助國之一。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">丹麥承諾提供</span> 84 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億歐元(約</span> 90 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元)的軍事援助。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">由於美國關鍵的</span> 600 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元援助計劃在國會陷入停滯,歐洲的支持對烏克蘭變得越來越重要。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">今年早些時候,歐盟同意向烏克蘭提供</span> 500 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億歐元(約</span> 539 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元)的新援助計畫。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">根據路透社報道,歐洲理事會主席 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Charles Michel</span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">當時表示:「這為烏克蘭鎖定了穩定、長期、可預測的資金。歐盟正在發揮領導作用並承擔支持烏克蘭的責任;我們知道其中的利害關係。</span>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">So, Denmark is sending its
"entire artillery" to Ukraine. Indeed, the Nordic country's military
aid commitments has increased and making it one of the biggest military donors
by percentage of GDP. It seems that the EU is taking leadership and
responsibility in support for Ukraine now and they know what is at stake if
Russia wins the invasion in Ukraine. After more than two years in war, Ukraine
now knows who are the friends that take action and those just give empty
words.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-25171429033175948012024-03-10T09:27:00.000-07:002024-03-10T09:27:35.842-07:00Water molecules detected for the first time on the surface of an asteroid: using the aerial observatory “SOFIA”<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">小惑星表面から初めて水分子を検出、空中天文台「SOFIA」使用で</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.17 Sat posted at 18:30 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk160090749"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(CNN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160090749;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">火星と木星の間に位置する小惑星「イリス」と「マッサリア」の表面から水分子が検出されたことが分かった。小惑星の表面で水分子が見つかるのは初めて。太陽系形成時の残滓(ざんし)である小惑星がただの乾いた岩ではないことを証明する発見となった。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">天文学者の見方では、水などが初期の地球に運ばれたのは小惑星の衝突が要因だった可能性がある。新たな研究によると、小惑星に水が存在する証拠が見つかったことで、こうした理論の裏付けになる可能性があるという。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160090749;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">今回のデータは既に引退した空中天文台「成層圏赤外線天文台」の計器で収集された。この赤外線望遠鏡は「SOFIA」の略称で知られ、成層圏の飛行を目的に改造されたボーイング747SPに搭載されている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">SOFIAに搭載された「微光天体赤外線カメラ(FORCAST)」を使用することで、イリスとマッサリアに水分子が見つかった。この二つの小惑星は火星と木星の軌道に挟まれた小惑星帯(メインベルト)にあり、どちらも太陽から約3億5700万キロ以上離れている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究結果は12日、専門誌プラネタリー・サイエンス・ジャーナルに発表された。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">論文の筆頭著者を務めた米サウスウェスト研究所のアニシア・アレドンド氏によると、小惑星の調査にSOFIAを使用するという発想は、SOFIAで月面に水の証拠が見つかったことをきっかけに生まれた。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">イリスとマッサリアでは以前にも、論文の共著者が別の望遠鏡を使って水和反応の証拠を発見していた。ただ、水分子がこの水和反応を引き起こしたのか、それとも水酸基などが引き起こしたのかは研究者にも分かっていなかったという。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">アレドンド氏は「SOFIAを使った新たな観測の結果、彼らが見たものが水だったことが確定した」と指摘している。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(CNN) Water molecules had been detected on the surfaces of
the asteroids Iris and Massalia, which were located between Mars and Jupiter.
This was the first time that water molecules had been found on the surface of
an asteroid. This discovery proved that asteroids, which were leftovers from
the formation of the solar system, were not just dry rocks.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Astronomers believed that asteroid impacts might have
brought water and other materials to early Earth. This new study that found
evidence of water on asteroids potentially supported these theories.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The data was collected using instruments from the now
retired airborne astronomical observatory, the Stratospheric Infrared
Observatory. The infrared telescope, known as SOFIA, was mounted on a Boeing
747SP modified for stratospheric flight.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Water molecules were discovered in Iris and Massalia using
the Faint Object InfraRed Camera (FORCAST). on board SOFIA. These two asteroids
were located in the asteroid belt (main belt) between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter, and were both approximately 357 million kilometers away from the sun.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The research results were published on the 12th in the
specialized journal Planetary Science Journal.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The paper’s lead author Anicia Arredondo who worked at the
Southwest Research Institute said that the idea to use SOFIA to study asteroids
came after SOFIA found evidence of water on the moon.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The paper's co-authors had previously found evidence of
hydration at Iris and Massalia using different telescopes. However, researchers
did not know whether water molecules or hydroxyl groups caused this hydration
reaction.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Arredondo said "New observations using SOFIA confirm
that what they saw was water."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">So, for the first time, water
molecules have been detected on the surfaces of the asteroids located between
Mars and Jupiter. All along astronomers believe that asteroid impacts may have
brought water and other materials to early Earth. This new study potentially
supports the theories.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-37990371337953956852024-03-09T09:49:00.000-08:002024-03-09T09:49:46.905-08:00A pig specially designed for organ transplantation into humans is born for the first time in Japan<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently NHK News on-line reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">ヒトへの臓器移植を想定した特殊なブタ</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">国内で初めて誕生</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span>2<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>13<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">日</span> 0<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">時</span>46<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">分</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">アメリカで開発された、ヒトに臓器を移植することを想定した特殊なブタを、明治大学発のベンチャー企業などのグループがクローン技術を使って生産することに成功し、国内で初めて子ブタが生まれたと発表しました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">これは、ブタのクローン技術などを研究する明治大学発のベンチャー企業「ポル・メド・テック」などのグループが発表しました。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">このブタはアメリカのバイオ企業がヒトに臓器を移植することを想定して拒絶反応が起こりにくくなるよう遺伝子操作をした特殊なミニブタで、グループでは輸入されたこのブタの細胞からクローンを作製し、</span>11<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日に</span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">頭の子ブタが生まれたということです。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">グループによりますと、ヒトへの移植を想定したこのブタが国内で生まれるのは初めてだということです。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ブタの臓器をヒトに移植する研究は、移植用の臓器の確保につながるとしてこの数年、各国で注目を集めています。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">グループでは今後、研究機関などにブタを供給する予定だということで、ことし中にも臓器をサルに移植する研究を始めたいとしています。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ベンチャー企業の代表取締役で明治大学の長嶋比呂志教授は「無事に生まれてほっとしたが、これからがスタートだ。これで国内でも臨床応用に向けた議論が進むのではないか。安全性を大切に研究を進め、倫理的な課題の議論も深めたい」と話していました。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A group including a venture company from Meiji University announced
that a special pig developed in the United States that was supposed to
transplant organs to humans had been successfully produced using cloning
technology, it was the first piglet born in Japan.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This was announced by a group including Pol Med Tech, a
venture company from Meiji University that researched pig cloning technology
etc.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This pig was a special mini-pig genetically engineered by an
American biotech company to make it less likely to cause a rejection reaction
in anticipation of organ transplantation into humans. The group created clones
from the imported pig cells, three piglets were born on the 11th.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the group, this was the first time that a pig
intended for transplantation into humans had been born in Japan.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The research on transplanting pig organs into humans had
attracted attention in many countries in the past few years in as it could help
secure organs for transplantation.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The group planned to supply pigs to research institutions
etc. in the future, and was hoping to start research on transplanting organs
into monkeys this year.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hiroshi Nagashima (<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">長嶋比呂志</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">)</span>, CEO of the venture company and
professor at Meiji University, said, ``I'm relieved that it was born safely,
but this is just the beginning. I think this will move forward the discussion
towards clinical application in Japan. We will conduct research with an
emphasis on safety. I also want to deepen the discussion on ethical issues.'' <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">So, a special pig for transplanting
organs to humans has been successfully produced in Japan. If the transplant of
organs from animal to human is made possible, that would be a big breakthrough
in the medical history of mankind.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-51476400203398076622024-03-08T08:48:00.000-08:002024-03-08T08:48:36.640-08:00中國2024年政策目標對中美關係意味著什麼 (2/2)<p><b>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What China’s 2024 Policy Goals Mean for Ties With the US
(2/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bloomberg News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tue, March 5, 2024 at 2:30 a.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Taiwan Tensions<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Li stuck to China’s typical rhetoric on Taiwan, saying
Beijing will resolutely “oppose” independence. He also said his country “will
promote the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, be firm in
advancing the cause of China’s reunification and uphold the fundamental
interests of the Chinese nation,” phrasing largely in line with prior remarks.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">US-China tensions continue to simmer over the democratically
run island. Meetings between Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen and top US
lawmakers in 2022 led China to hold major military exercises in the Taiwan
Strait, with strains only easing after US President Joe Biden and Xi met in San
Francisco late last year.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk160526346">Last week, China’s state-run Global
Times newspaper said the expected increase in the defense budget was warranted,
pointing to tensions in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Military Spending</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China said its defense spending will grow by 7.2% to 1.67
trillion yuan ($232 billion) in 2024, the biggest increase in five years. That
comes after Biden last year signed a $886 billion defense bill that included
funding for countries in the Indo-Pacific region to counter Chinese influence.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fact that spending seems to be outpacing economic growth
also indicates the “growing concerns that Beijing has about the external
environment,” said Drew Thompson, a former Pentagon official and a senior
fellow at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore. He added that
the People’s Liberation Army will likely have “more resources to use military
coercion against countries on its periphery.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even if funding is directed at people, rather than weapons
or equipment, that shouldn’t reassure the US, according to Oriana Skylar
Mastro, center fellow at Stanford University’s Freeman Spogli Institute for
International Studies. That’s because personnel is the military’s “number one
limitation” which is cautioning China against using force, she said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Economic Concerns</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Li acknowledged that China’s ambitious economic growth goal
of around 5% for 2024 is “not easy,” adding in his speech that “we need policy
support and joint efforts from all fronts.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There’s still plenty of uncertainty around the nation’s
trajectory for this year. Stimulus is still fairly modest, with Beijing
unveiling plans for special central debt on Tuesday but still keeping its
headline fiscal deficit at last year’s 3% target.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“If you’re an American looking to invest in China, the key
question is: Are consumers going to rebound? And it’s really ambiguous,” said
Joseph Peissel, economic analyst at consultancy Trivium China.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What Bloomberg Economics Says...</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>“Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s first budget indicates a strong
commitment to growth. The 5% target for 2024 sets a high bar, given a more
challenging base than last year — hitting it will require more stimulus. The
stronger-than-expected budget plan is consistent with the ambitious goal.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>— Chang Shu, David Qu and Eric Zhu, economists</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The prioritization of longer-term economic restructuring
over shorter-term growth also means that “China is likely to continue to export
disinflation this year,” according to Duncan Wrigley, chief China economist at
Pantheon Macroeconomics. While Beijing is targeting 3% inflation this year,
Chinese consumer prices are in a severe deflation streak.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even though Chinese goods make up a small share of consumer
prices in the US, the disinflationary trend could be welcomed by the Federal
Reserve. The central bank is charting a path toward cutting interest rates,
though US consumer prices have proved stubborn.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>--With assistance from Lucille Liu, Jing Li and Jill Disis.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">台灣緊張局勢</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">李強堅持中國在台灣問題上的典型言論,稱北京將堅決「反對」台灣獨立。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他還表示,中國
</span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">將推動兩岸關係和平發展,堅定推進祖國統一大業,維護中華民族根本利益</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,措辭與此前的言論基本一致。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美中圍繞著這個民主管理的島嶼的緊張局勢繼續升溫。</span> 2022 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年台灣總統蔡英文與美國高層議員的會晤導致中國在台灣海峽舉行了大型軍事演習,去年年底美國總統拜登和習近平在舊金山會晤後,緊張局勢才有所緩解。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">上週,中國官方報紙《環球時報》表示,國防預算的預期成長是合理的,並指出南海和台灣海峽的緊張局勢。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">軍費</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國表示,</span>2024<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年國防開支將增長</span>7.2%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,達到</span>1.67<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">兆元(合</span>2,320<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元),創五年來最大增幅。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">此前,拜登去年簽署了一項價</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">值</span> 8,860 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元的國防法案,其中包括為印太地區國家提供資金,以對抗中國的影響力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">前五角大廈官員、新加坡李光耀公共政策學院高級研究員 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Drew Thompson <span lang="EN-US">表示,軍費支出似乎超過了經濟成長的事實也顯示「北京對外部環境日益擔憂」。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他補充</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,中國人民解放軍可能會「擁有更多資源對其周邊國家使用軍事脅迫」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">史丹福大學弗里曼</span>·<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">斯波利國際問題研究所中心研究員
</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Oriana
Skylar Mastro <span lang="EN-US">表示,即使資金是對人而不是用於武器或設備,也不能讓美國放心。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">她</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,這是因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為人手是軍事上的 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">最主要的局限</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,這局限提醒中國留意避開使用武力。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">經濟擔憂</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">李強承認,中國在</span>2024<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年實現</span>5%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">左右的宏大經濟成長目標 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">並不容易</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,並在演講中補充道,</span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">需要政策支持和各方面共同努力</span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">該國今年的發展軌跡仍存在許多不確定性。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">刺激措施仍然相當溫和,北京周二公佈了特別中央債務計劃,但仍將總體財政赤字維持在去年</span>
3% <a name="_Hlk160629213"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">的</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">目標。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">顧問公司</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> Trivium China <span lang="EN-US">的經濟分析師</span> Joseph Peissel <span lang="EN-US">表示</span>: <span lang="EN-US">「如果你是一個想要在中國投資的美國人,關鍵問題是:消費者會重新返回來嗎?</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這真是很不確定的」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">彭博經濟學</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">是怎麼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說的</span>…</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「中國總理李強的第一份預算顯示了對成長的堅定承諾。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">鑑於基礎比去年更具挑戰性,</span>2024
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span>
5% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的目標設定了很高的標準</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">要實現這一目標將需要更多的刺激措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這比於預期強的預算計劃與雄心勃勃的目標是一致的」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><span lang="EN-US">— </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">經濟學家</span> Chang Shu<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">、</span>David
Qu <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與</span>
Eric Zhu</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Pantheon Macroeconomics <span lang="EN-US">首席中國經濟學家 </span>Duncan
Wrigley <span lang="EN-US">表示,長期經濟結構調整優先於短期成長也意味著「中國今年可能會繼續輸出通貨緊縮」。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管北京今年的通漲目標是</span>3%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,但中國消費者物價卻處於嚴重的通貨緊縮之中。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管中國商品在美國消費價格中只佔很小的份額,但通貨緊縮趨勢可能會受到美國聯邦儲備局的歡迎。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管美國消費者物價指數表現頑固,但央行正在製定減息之路。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, the economists from Bromberg believe that Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s first budget indicates a
strong commitment to growth. Against this background I think China would, as far as possible, continue to rely on a non-confrontational relationship with the US in order to attract
foreign investors to return.</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-80356753594419662432024-03-07T08:44:00.000-08:002024-03-07T08:44:40.909-08:00中國2024年政策目標對中美關係意味著什麼(1/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What China’s 2024 Policy Goals Mean for Ties with the US
(1/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bloomberg News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tue, March 5, 2024 at 2:30 a.m. PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Bloomberg) -- China’s big annual policy report shows it may
have to play nice with the US this year to counter its economic headwinds,
though ambitions to ramp up tech investment and military spending signal
tensions won’t go away.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Key goals outlined by Beijing on Tuesday ranged from
countering Washington-led efforts to curb Chinese tech advancements to boosting
defense expenditure — illustrating ongoing competition between the world’s two
largest economies. Still, the need for cooperation was also present as Premier
Li Qiang stressed officials will ensure foreign trade and investment is
“overall stable.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We can expect Beijing to maintain its non-adversarial
relationship with Washington for now” given its economic challenges, said James
Char, a research fellow at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He
added that only by doing so will Beijing “stand a chance of winning back
investor confidence and reverse the trend of foreign capital exiting the
country en masse.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here’s a closer look at what China’s work report means for
the US:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tech and Trade<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s work report pledged to harness national resources to
speed up breakthroughs in science and tech. President Xi Jinping has long
pushed for self-reliance in technology, a goal made all the more important as
the US and its allies seek to curb China’s ambitions in semiconductors,
electric vehicles and artificial intelligence.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Washington’s crackdown on the export of advanced tech to
China has limited access to cutting-edge chips that can develop AI models.
Bloomberg News reported this week that Advanced Micro Devices Inc. has been
barred from selling an AI chip it tailored for the Chinese market, with
Washington deeming it still too powerful.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Beijing on Tuesday also vowed “to prevent overcapacity” in
some key industries as companies suffer from squeezed profit margins after
cutting prices to remain competitive.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s leaders are pouring money into manufacturing as it
looks for new growth drivers to offset losses from the beleaguered real estate
sector. That’s meant more spending for electric vehicles, batteries and
renewable energy — though it’s also fueled imbalances that may renew global
trade tensions between China and developed countries.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Foreign Access</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Li promised in his speech to parliament to “take targeted
steps to address prominent problems” that prevent foreign companies from
operating in China or which hinder overseas investment. He cited measures to
allow firms to participate on “equal footing” with local ones in government
procurement and bidding, issues that have been repeatedly raised by visiting US
and European officials.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">US and other foreign companies have grown pessimistic on
China in recent years as economic growth slows and geopolitical tensions rise.
Direct investment into the nation by overseas businesses slumped to a 30-year
low in 2023. Profits of foreign industrial firms in China dropped 6.7% last
year from 2022.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are some early signs of improvement. The head of the
US Chamber of Commerce visited the country late last month, and a recent survey
by the American Chamber of Commerce in China showed firms are optimistic about
their profit potential.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We are encouraged by the announcement of reforms that will
level the playing field for foreign and local investors,” AmCham China Chair
Sean Stein said Tuesday. “But announcements don’t move markets and promises
don’t drive investment. The key, as ever, will be full and timely
implementation.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(彭博)</span>—<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國的大型年度政策報告顯示,中國今年可能必須與美國友好相處,以應對經濟逆風,但加大科技投資和軍事開支的雄心表明緊張局勢不會消失。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京周二概述的主要目標包括對抗華盛頓主導的遏制中國科技進步的努力,以及增加國防開支</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這表明世界上最大的兩個經濟體之間正在進行的競爭。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">儘管如此,合作的必要性仍然存在,李強總理強調,官員將確保外貿和投資「整體穩定」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">新加坡南洋理工大學研究員 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">James Char </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">表示,鑑於其經濟挑戰,「我們可以預期北京目前將與華盛頓保持非敵對關係」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">他補充</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Malgun Gothic";">說,只有這樣做,北京才有機會重新贏得投資者的信心,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">扭轉外資大規模退出中國的趨勢。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">以下是中國工作報告對美國意義的詳細分析:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">科技與貿易</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國的工作報告承諾利用國家資源加快科技突破。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">習近平主席長期以來一直推動技術自力更生,隨著美國及其盟友尋求遏制中國在半導體、電動車和人工智慧方面的野心,這一目標變得更加重要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">華盛頓對向中國出口先進技術的打擊限制了它獲取可開發人工智慧模型<a name="_Hlk160525437">的</a>尖端晶片。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">彭博新聞社本週報道稱,<i>超微半導體公司 </i>已被禁止銷售其為中國市場定制的人工智慧晶片,華盛頓認為該晶片的性能仍然過於強大。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京週二還誓言要 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">防止一些關鍵行業的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產能過剩</span>”<span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,因為企業在降價以保持競爭力後利潤率受到擠壓。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國領導人正在向製造業注入資金,尋找新的成長動力,以抵消陷入困境的房地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產行業的損失。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">這意味著電動車、電池和再生能源的支出增加,儘管這也加劇了失衡,可能會導致中國與已開發國家之間的全球貿易緊張局勢再度緊張。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">國外企業進入</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">李克強在人大講話中承諾,「有針對性地解決阻礙外國企業在華經營、阻礙海外投資的突出問題」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他列舉了允許企業與當地企業「平等」參與政府採購和招標的措施,這是來訪的美國和歐洲官員多次提出的問題。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">近年來,隨著經濟成長放緩和地緣政治緊張局勢加劇,美國和其他外國公司對中國越來越悲觀。</span> 2023<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年海外企業對華直接投資跌至</span>30<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年來的最低點。去年在華外資工業企業利潤較</span>2022<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年下降</span>6.7%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">有一些改善的早期跡象已見到。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國商會負責人上月底訪問了中國,中國美國商會最近的一項調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查顯示,企業對其獲利潛力持樂觀態度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國美國商會主席 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Sean Stein <span lang="EN-US">週二表示:</span></span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">我們對宣布的改革感到鼓舞,這些改革將為外國和本地投資者提供公平的競爭環境。</span>” <span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">“<span lang="EN-US">但公告本身不會推動市場,承諾本身也不會推動投資。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">與以往一樣,關鍵是全面、及時的實施。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-51844470790299498822024-03-06T09:51:00.000-08:002024-03-06T09:51:48.028-08:00Important ocean circulation in the Atlantic Ocean is showing signs of collapse, researchers warn (2/2)<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">大西洋の重要な海洋循環、崩壊の予兆を示しつつある 研究者ら警鐘 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(2/2)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.10 Sat posted at 20:07 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">AMOC崩壊の影響は破滅的なものになる可能性がある。欧州の一部地域では100年間で気温が30度低下し、わずか10~20年の間にまったく別の気候に変化するかもしれない。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">論文の著者らは「どんな適応策もそこまで急激な気温の変化には現実的に対応できない」と指摘する。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一方、南半球の国では温暖化が加速する可能性がある。アマゾンでは雨期と乾期が逆転し、生態系に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性がある。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ファンウェステン氏によると、海水面は約1メートル上昇する可能性があるという。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">論文に関わっていないドイツ・ポツダム大学の海洋物理学者、ステファン・ラームストルフ氏は、今回の研究成果を「AMOCの安定性に関する科学で大きな進展」と評価する。「北大西洋が淡水で薄まれば、AMOCが崩壊するという転換点があることを確認した」</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">以前にも転換点の存在を示す研究はあったが、はるかに簡単なモデルを採用していた。科学者の間では、複雑なモデルでは転換点が存在しないのではないかと期待する声もあったが、今回の研究でそれが打ち砕かれたと同氏は語る。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">英国の国立海洋学センターで海洋システムのモデル形成に携わるジョエル・ハーシ氏は、大洋に比較的少量の淡水が入ることでAMOCが「オン」から「オフ」に切り替わることを、複雑な気候モデルで示した初の研究だと評価した。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ただ注意すべき点もあり、複雑なモデルといってもまだ解像度が低く、一部の海流ではモデルとしての限界がありうるという。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">近年、AMOCが転換点に近づいている可能性を示す研究が増えている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">2021年の研究では、AMOCが過去1000年で最も弱くなっていることが示された。昨年7月に公開された論文は、早ければ2025年にもAMOCが崩壊する可能性があると警鐘を鳴らし、議論を呼んだ。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ただ、まだ不確実性も大きい。米アリゾナ州にある惑星科学研究所のジェフリー・ガーゲル氏は、AMOCの停止が迫っているとする理論は、それが起きているとわかるまでは論議を呼ぶものであり続けるのではと考える。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">AMOCの崩壊の可能性はいわば「株式市場の荒っぽい変動のうち、大暴落の前触れになるもの」にあたり、どの変化が元に戻せ、どの変化が大災害の前触れになるのかを見極めるのは不可能に近いとの認識を示す。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ハーシ氏によると、最近のデータからはAMOCの強さに変動が見られるものの、まだ減退が生じているとの観測上の証拠はない。「気候の温暖化が進む中、過去にあったようなAMOCの突然の変化が起きるかどうかは、まだ解の出ていない重要な問題」と言及する。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ラームストルフ氏は、今回の研究はそのパズルを埋めるピースの一つになると語る。研究は「AMOCの崩壊がそう遠くない将来に起きるとの懸念に拍車をかけるもの」であり、「我々がこのリスクを無視すれば危険を冒すことになる」と続けた。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The effects of AMOC's collapse could be catastrophic.
Temperatures in some parts of Europe could drop 30 degrees in 100 years, and
the climate could change to a completely different climate in just 10 to 20
years.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The study's authors pointed out that ``no adaptation
measures can realistically respond to such rapid changes in temperature.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, countries in the southern hemisphere might see an
acceleration of global warming. The rainy and dry seasons in the Amazon could
be reversed, with serious consequences for the ecosystem.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Van Westen said sea levels could rise by about 1 meter.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stefan <a name="_Hlk160005621">Rahmstorf, </a>a marine
physicist at the Potsdam University in Germany who was not involved in the
paper, called the research results a ``major advance in the science of AMOC
stability.'' He ``confirms that there is a tipping point where the AMOC may collapse
if the North Atlantic becomes diluted with fresh water.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Previous studies had shown the existence of tipping points,
but they used much simpler models. Among the scientists, some had hoped that
there would be no tipping point in a complex model. The study, he said, shattered
that hope.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Joel Hirschi, an ocean system modeler at the UK's National
Oceanography Centre who was involved in the formation of marine system model, commented
that relatively small amount of freshwater entering the ocean could switch the
AMOC from "on" to "off", and it was the first study
presented with a complex climate model.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, there were some points to be aware of; even though
it was a complex model, the resolution was still low, and there might be
limitations as a model in some ocean currents.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In recent years, a growing number of studies had suggested
that AMOC might be approaching a tipping point.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A 2021 study showed that AMOC was at its weakest in 1,000
years. A paper published in July last year caused controversy by warning that
AMOC could collapse as early as 2025.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, there was still a great deal of uncertainty.
Jeffrey Kargel of the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona, on the theory
that AMOC was about to shut down, thought that until we know what was
happening, it would continue to be controversial.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When talking about the possibility of AMOC's collapse, so to
speak it might correspond to "among the wild fluctuations in the stock market,
one occasion could be a harbinger of a major crash," and to acknowledge
that it would be nearly impossible to determine which changes could be
reversible and which might be a harbinger of disaster.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hirsi said that although recent data showed fluctuations in
AMOC's strength, there was no observational evidence that a decline had
occurred yet. He noted that `` as the climate continues to warm, whether or not
the AMOC will suddenly change as it has in the past is an important question
that remains unanswered.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rahmstorf said this research was one filling piece in that
puzzle. The study was" fueling fears that the collapse of the AMOC could
happen in the not-too-distant," and added that "If we ignore this
risk, we do so at our peril." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, in the
Atlantic Ocean, sea water that moves northward at the surface and move
southward at deep down may already be on its way to collapse. This collapse
could have a serious impact on sea level rise and temperature changes in many
parts of the world. It seems that so far, the melting of ice sheets in
Antarctica and the collapse of AMOC are the two more noticeable geographical
changes at sea as global warming is continuing.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <b>Planetary Science Institute</b> is a 501 non-profit
research institute based in Tucson, Arizona, focusing on planetary science. As
of 2018, its director is Dr. Mark V. Sykes. (Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-34104740650881832872024-03-05T09:11:00.000-08:002024-03-05T09:11:00.027-08:00Important ocean circulation in the Atlantic Ocean is showing signs of collapse, researchers warn (1/2)<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">大西洋の重要な海洋循環、崩壊の予兆を示しつつある 研究者ら警鐘 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(1/2)</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.10 Sat posted at 20:07 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(CNN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">大西洋の海水が表層で北上し、深層で南下する大西洋子午面循環(AMOC)は既に崩壊に向かっている可能性がある</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">――</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">。そんな新たな報告が発表された。AMOCの崩壊は海面上昇や世界の気象に深刻な影響を及ぼし、各地で気温の急激な低下や上昇をもたらす可能性があるという。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">米科学誌サイエンス・アドバンシズに9日発表された研究結果によると、研究チームは極めて複雑で高価な計算システムを使用し、AMOC崩壊の予兆を捉える指標(EWS)を検出する新たな方法を発見した。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">AMOCは巨大な地球規模のベルトコンベアのような働きをしている。AMOCが熱帯地域の暖かい海水を遠く北大西洋まで運ぶと、海水はそこで冷却されて塩分濃度が高まり、海中深くに沈み込んで再び南へ向かう。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">こうした海流は地球上のさまざまな地域に熱や栄養分を運んでおり、北半球の広い地域の気候を比較的温暖に保つうえで欠かせない役割を果たす。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159659710"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">気候変動に伴う海洋温暖化や氷の融解により、海流の強さを決定する熱と塩のバランスが乱れる中、科学者はAMOCの安定性について長年警鐘を鳴らしてきた。</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">科学者の間では気候変動の影響でAMOCのスピードが遅くなり、場合によっては停止する可能性もあるとの見方が多いが、それがいつ、どれだけ早く起きるのかについては依然不明な点が多い。AMOCの継続的な観測が始まったのは2004年に過ぎない。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159659710;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159660174"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">ただ、氷床コアや海洋堆積(たいせき)物のような手掛かりを使って過去を再現した結果、AMOCが今から1万2000年以上前、氷河の急速な融解の後に停止したことは分かっている。</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">これと同じことが再び起きる可能性がないか、いま研究者は解明を急いでいるところだ。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159660174;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">今回の新研究は「重要な突破口」になる</span>――<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。そう語るのはオランダ・ユトレヒト大学の海洋大気研究者で、論文の共著者を務めたレネ・ファンウェステン氏だ。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究チームはスーパーコンピューターを駆使して3カ月にわたり複雑な気候モデルを走らせ、シミュレーションの中でAMOCに徐々に淡水を加えていった。淡水の追加は氷の融解や降雨、流入する河川水を表している。これらは海水の塩分濃度の希薄化し、海流を弱体化させる原因となる可能性がある。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159745219"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">モデル内で淡水の量を少しずつ増やしていくと、AMOCは徐々に弱まり、やがて突然崩壊した。こうした複雑なモデルでAMOCの崩壊が確認されたのは初めてで、報告書は「気候システムと人類にとって悪い知らせ」だと指摘する。</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ただ、この研究では崩壊までの時間枠は示していない。ファンウェステン氏はCNNの取材にさらなる研究の必要性を指摘し、地球温暖化の進行を含む気候変動の影響を考慮したモデルも必要になるとの見方を示した。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159745219;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">それでも「気候変動の下、我々は(AMOCの崩壊という)転換点の方向に進んでいるということは少なくとも言える」という。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(CNN) The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC), in which ocean water moved northward at the surface and moved southward
at deep down, might already be on its way to collapse. A new report had been
released. The collapse of the AMOC could have a serious impact on sea level
rise and global climate, leading to sharp drops or rises in temperature in
various regions.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Using an extremely complex and expensive computational system, a
research team discovered a new indicator (EWS)
to
detect AMOC's early signs of collapse, according to a study published in the US
journal Science Advances on the 9th.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">AMOC acted like a giant global conveyor belt. When the AMOC
transported warm seawater from the tropics to the North Atlantic, the water
cooled and became more salty, sinking deeper into the ocean and heading south
again.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These ocean currents transported heat and nutrients to
different parts of the globe, and played an essential role in keeping the
climate relatively warm across a large area of the Northern Hemisphere.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Scientists had long sounded the alarm about the stability of
the AMOC, as ocean warming and ice melting caused by climate change disrupted the
balance of heat and salt that determined the strength of ocean currents.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Scientists believed that the effects of climate change would
slow down AMOC, there were many views that there could be a possibility that it
would be stopped in some situation, there were still many unknowns about when
and how quickly this could happen. Continuous observation of AMOC began only in
2004.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, by reconstructing the past using clues such as ice
cores and marine sediments, we knew that the AMOC stopped more than 12,000
years ago after rapid melting of glaciers.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Researchers were currently rushing the work to find out
whether something similar to this could happen again.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This new research represented an ``important breakthrough.''
So said Rene van Westen, an ocean and atmosphere researcher at Utrecht
University in the Netherlands and co-author of the paper.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The research team used a supercomputer to run a complex
climate model for three months, gradually adding freshwater to the AMOC during
the simulation. The addition of fresh water represented melting ice, rainfall,
and inflowing river water. These diluted the salinity of seawater and was a
possibility in weaken ocean currents.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By gradually increasing the amount of fresh water in the
model, the AMOC gradually weakened until it suddenly collapsed. This was the
first time such a complex model had confirmed AMOC collapse, and the report pointed
out that it was "bad news for the climate system and for humanity."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, the study did not provide a time frame for
collapse. Van Westen pointed out the need for further research in an interview
with CNN, saying that models that took into account the effects of climate
change, including the progression of global warming, would also be needed.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, he said, "we can at least say that with climate
change, we are moving towards a tipping point [of the collapse of AMOC]."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Atlantic
meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a system of surface-level and deep
currents in the Atlantic Ocean which are driven both by changes in the
atmospheric weather and thermohaline changes in temperature and salinity. The
AMOC is characterized by a northward flow of warm, salty water in the upper
layers of the Atlantic, and a southward flow of colder, deep waters. (Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-51893530052169752242024-03-03T08:50:00.000-08:002024-03-03T08:50:47.659-08:00For the first time, texts on a scroll carbonized by the Vesuvius eruption are deciphered using tomography and AI<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently CNN.co.jp reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">ベスビオ火山噴火で炭化した巻物、文章を初めて解読 断層撮影やAI駆使</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.02.08 Thu posted at 15:52 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(CNN)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">米国などの大学の研究者がこのほど、西暦79年のベスビオ火山噴火で黒焦げになった「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」のほぼ完全な文章を解読した。2000年近く前の思想を垣間見せる発見となった。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」はベスビオ火山噴火による焼失を免れた数百点のパピルスの一つ。炭化しているため、巻物を開こうとすると崩れる状態で、何か書かれていたとしても肉眼ではほぼ判読不可能だった。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究者らは今回、コンピューター技術や高度な人工知能(AI)を駆使することで、極めて脆(もろ)い文書を開封して損傷させる危険を冒すことなく巻物を分析できるようになった。解読コンペ「ベスビオ火山チャレンジ」を立ち上げたコンピューター科学者らの5日の発表によると、これまでに2000文字以上が解読されたという。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">最初の単語は昨年10月、米ネブラスカ大学でコンピューター科学を専攻する学生ルーク・ファリター氏と、ベルリン自由大学の大学院生ユセフ・ネーダー氏が別々に解読した。今年に入ってチューリッヒ工科大学のロボット工学専攻の学生ジュリアン・シリガー氏も加わり、この3人でコンテストの大賞の賞金70万ドルを獲得した。大賞は巻物内の四つの連続する文章の文字のうち85%を解読した最初のチームに与えられる。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159491132"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">3人は「バーチャル開封」と呼ばれる技術を活用して文章を解読した。コンピューター断層撮影(CT)を使って丸まった巻物をスキャンすることで、巻物をバーチャル上で平面化したり、高度なAIによりページ上のインクを探知したりすることが可能になった。3人がギリシャ文字を発見した後は、英仏伊から専門のパピルス学者が分析作業に加わった。</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159491132;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">ベスビオ火山噴火の現場からは、1000点を超える炭化した巻物が回収されている。ベスビオ山はイタリアのナポリ近郊にある火山で、噴火により古代ローマの都市ポンペイとヘルクラネウムは火山泥に覆われた。米ケンタッキー大学によると、現在「ヘルクラネウムの巻物」と呼ばれる炭化した文書は、ユリウス・カエサルの義父の自宅から回収されたと考えられている。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159491132;"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">解読された文章には、哲学者ピロデモスの記した言葉が書かれていた。ピロデモスは巻物が見つかった図書館のお抱えの哲学者だったとみられる。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ピロデモスは解読された文章の中で「快楽」について記し、手に入る物の豊富さが快楽の量に影響を与えるかどうかを考察している。最初の文章には「食べ物の場合と同じく、わずかしかない物の方が豊富に存在する物よりも断然大きな快楽を与えるとは、にわかには信じがたい」とある。</span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159491132;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(CNN) Researchers from universities in the United States and
other countries had recently deciphered the nearly complete text of the
``Scrolls of Herculaneum,'' which were charred by the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in 79 AD. The discovery provided a glimpse into the thinking of nearly
2,000 years ago.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Scrolls of Herculaneum were among the hundreds of papyri
that survived the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Because it was carbonized, the
scroll crumbled when you tried to open it, and even if there was any writing on
it, it was almost impossible to read with the naked eye.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now, using computer technology and advanced artificial
intelligence (AI), researchers were now able to analyze the scrolls without
opening the extremely fragile documents and risking damage. According to an
announcement on the 5th by computer scientists who launched the ``Vesuvius
Volcano Challenge,'' that was a deciphering competition, more than 2,000
characters had been deciphered so far.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The first word was deciphered in October last year by Luke
Fariter, a computer science student at the University of Nebraska, and Yusef
Nader, a graduate student at Free University of Berlin. Julian Siliger, a
student from ETH Zurich majoring in robotics, joined the team earlier this
year, and together they won the contest's grand prize of $700,000. The grand
prize was be awarded to the first team to decipher 85% of the letters in four
consecutive sentences within the scroll.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The three researchers used a technology called ``virtual
opening'' to decipher the text. By scanning a curled-up scroll using computed
tomography (CT), it was now possible to virtually flatten the scroll and use
advanced AI to detect ink on the page. After the three discovered the Greek
letters, specialized papyrus scholars from England, France, and Italy joined in
the analysis work.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than 1,000
charred scrolls had been recovered from the site of the Vesuvius eruption.
Mount Vesuvius was a volcano near Naples, Italy, whose eruption covered the
ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic mud. The carbonized
document, now known as the Scroll of Herculaneum, was believed to have been
recovered from the home of Julius Caesar's stepfather, according to the
University of Kentucky.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The deciphered text contained words written by the
philosopher Philodemus. Philodemus was
believed to have been the philosopher in the library where the scrolls were
found.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In this deciphered text, Philodemus wrote about
"pleasure" and considers whether the abundance of material goods
could influence the amount of pleasure. His first sentence said, `` Just like
in the case of food, in saying that something is scarce can give far more
pleasure than something that is abundant, definitely it is hard to believe that
right away.''<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> So, researchers
have deciphered the text of the ``Scrolls of Herculaneum,'' which were charred
by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The discovery provides a glimpse
into the thinking of nearly 2,000 years ago. Thanks to the new technology,
researchers now can use a technology called ``virtual opening'' to decipher the
text.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Philodemus </b>of Gadara (ca. 110–ca. 30 BCE) was an
Epicurean philosopher and epigrammatist who, having studied in the Epicurean
school at Athens when it was led by Zeno of Sidon (c. 150–c. 75 BCE), moved to
Italy, probably in the 70s BCE. There he might have lived in the Greek town of
Naples, and perhaps also in Rome. (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philodemus/)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-12490910132089242232024-03-01T08:51:00.000-08:002024-03-01T08:51:27.608-08:00墨西哥取代中國成為美國主要進口商品來源國<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Mexico overtakes China as the leading source of goods
imported by US<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">AP - Mark Stevenson (The Canadian Press Repost)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Wed, February 7, 2024 at 8:41 p.m. PST·3 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WASHINGTON (AP) — For the first time in more than two
decades, Mexico last year surpassed China as the leading source of goods
imported by the United States. The shift reflects the growing tensions between
Washington and Beijing as well as U.S. efforts to import from countries that
are friendlier and closer to home.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Figures released Wednesday by the U.S. Commerce Department
show that the value of goods imported by the United States from Mexico rose
nearly 5% from 2022 to 2023, to more than $475 billion. At the same time, the
value of Chinese imports tumbled 20% to $427 billion.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The last time that Mexican goods imported by the United
States exceeded the value of China's imports was in 2002.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Economic relations between the United States and China have
severely deteriorated in recent years as Beijing has fought aggressively on
trade and made ominous military gestures in the Far East.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Trump administration began imposing tariffs on Chinese
imports in 2018, arguing that Beijing's trade practices violated global trade
rules. President Joe Biden retained those tariffs after taking office in 2021,
making clear that antagonism toward China would be a rare area of common ground
for Democrats and Republicans.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As an alternative to offshoring production to China, which
U.S. corporations had long engaged in, the Biden administration has urged
companies to seek suppliers in allied countries ("friend-shoring'') or to
return manufacturing to the United States ("reshoring''). Supply-chain
disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic also led U.S. companies to seek
supplies closer to the United States ("near-shoring'').</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mexico has been among the beneficiaries of the growing shift
away from reliance on Chinese factories. But the picture is more complicated
than it might seem. Some Chinese manufacturers have established factories in
Mexico to exploit the benefits of the 3-year-old U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade
Agreement, which allows for duty-free trade in North America for many products.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador said this week
that the trade status gives Mexico new leverage, saying it would make it hard
for the U.S. to close the two countries’ border to limit immigration, as
suggested in negotiations on a border bill in the U.S. Senate.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The negotiation is proposing closing the border,” he said.
“Do you think Americans, or Mexicans, but especially the Americans, would
approve that? The businesses wouldn’t take it, maybe one day, but not a week.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some industries — especially auto manufacturers — have set
up plants on both sides of the border that depend on each for a steady supply
of parts.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Derek Scissors, a China specialist at the conservative
American Enterprise Institute, noted that the biggest drops in Chinese imports
were in computers and electronics and chemicals and pharmaceuticals — all
politically sensitive categories.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“I don't see the U.S. being comfortable with a rebound in
those areas in 2024 and 2025," Scissors said, predicting that the
China-Mexico reversal on imports to the United States likely "is not a
one-year blip.''</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159574065">Scissors suggested that the drop in
U.S. reliance on Chinese goods partly reflects wariness of Beijing's economic
policies under President Xi Jinping. Xi's draconian COVID-19 lockdowns brought
significant swaths of the Chinese economy to a standstill in 2022, and his
officials have raided foreign companies in apparent counterespionage
investigations.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“I think it’s
corporate America belatedly deciding Xi Jinping is unreliable,” he said.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159574065;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">Overall, the U.S. deficit in the trade of goods with the
rest of the world — the gap between the value of what the United States sells
and what it buys abroad — narrowed 10% last year to $1.06 trillion.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>___</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Associate Press writer Mark Stevenson in Mexico City
contributed to this report.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">華盛頓(美聯社)</span>—<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">去年,墨西哥二十多年來首次超過中國,成為美國進口商品的主要來源國。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這一轉變反映出華盛頓和北京之間日益緊張的關係,以及美國從更友善、更靠近本土的國家進口的努力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國商務部週三公佈的數據顯示,</span>2022<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年至</span>2023<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年美國從墨西哥進口的商品價</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">值成長了近</span>5%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,達到超過</span>4,750<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">同時,中國進口額下降</span> 20%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,至</span> 4,270 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">上一次美國進口的墨西哥商品超過中國的進口額是在</span>2002<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">近年來,由於北京在貿易上咄咄逼人,並在遠東做出了暗示可能會發生一些不愉快的軍事姿態,美國和中國之間的經濟關係嚴重惡化。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">特朗普政府於</span>2018<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年開始對中國進口商品徵收關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">稅,認</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為北京的貿易行為違反了全球貿易規則。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">拜登總統在</span> 2021 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年上任後保留了這些關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">稅,明確表示對中國的對抗將是民主黨和共和黨罕見的共識。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國企業長期從事的把生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產外包到中國</span><span style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">, <span lang="EN-US">作為替代方案,拜登政府敦促企業在盟國中尋找供應商(友邦生產供應)或將製造業務返回美國(回流生產供應)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">因</span>
COVID-19 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">大流行相關的供應鏈中斷也導致美國公司尋求更近美國的供應(近岸生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產供應</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">墨西哥一直是日益擺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">脫對中國工廠依賴的受益者之一。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但情況比看起來更複雜。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一些中國製造商在墨西哥建廠,以利用為期三年的美國</span>-<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">墨西哥</span>-<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">加拿大貿易協定的好處,該協定允許許多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產品在北美進行免稅貿易。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">墨西哥總統 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Andrés Manuel López Obrador <span lang="EN-US">本週表示,貿易地位給墨西哥帶來了新的談判影響力,並稱這將使美國很難關閉兩國邊境以限制移民</span>,
<span lang="EN-US">正如美國參議院邊境法案談判中所建議的</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「談判提出關閉邊境」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「你認為美國人,或者墨西哥人,尤其是美國人會批准這一點嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">企業是不會接受的,也許會接受一天的關閉,但不會是一周的。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">一些行業</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">尤其是汽車製造商</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">已經在邊境兩側設立了工廠,並依靠各自的工廠去穩定零件供應。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">保守派 <i>美國企業研究所 </i>的中國專家 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Derek Scissors <span lang="EN-US">指出,中國進口下降幅度最大的是電腦、電子</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產品、化學品和藥品</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">所有這些都是政治敏感類別。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Derek Scissors <span lang="EN-US">表示:「我認為美國不會對在這些領域在</span></span>
2024 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年和</span>
2025 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年出現反彈感到安心」。他預測對美國進口的中墨逆轉可能「不是一年的暫時的改變」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Scissors <span lang="EN-US">表示,美國對中國商品依賴的下降部分反映了對習近平主席領導下的北京經濟政策的警覺。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">習近平對新冠肺炎</span> (COVID-19) <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">採取的嚴厲封鎖措施導致中國經濟的大部分地區在</span>
2022 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年陷入停滯,他的官員在看來是反間諜調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查中突擊搜查了外國公司。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「我認為美國企業界遲來地認為習近平不可靠」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">總體而言,美國與世界其他地區的商品貿易逆差(即美國向國外出口的商品價</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">值與它在國外購買</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">商品的價值之間的差距)去年收窄了</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 10%</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.06</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">万</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">亿美元。</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">for the first time in more than two decades,
Mexico last year surpassed China as the leading source of goods imported by the
United States. The shift reflects the growing tensions between Washington and
Beijing as well as U.S. efforts to import from countries that are friendlier
and closer to home.</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Probably the
trend for the US to import more goods from Mexico will continue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-79698710664118280232024-02-28T08:41:00.000-08:002024-03-26T08:40:44.209-07:00印度隨著與中國的競爭加劇,開始展示其海軍力量 (2/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>India begins to flex its naval power as competition with
China grows (2/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">AIJAZ HUSSAIN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 1, 2024 at 7:26 p.m. PST·5 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China has built up its presence over the years in the Indian
Ocean, a key route for its energy supplies. It has the world’s largest navy by
number of ships, more than three times the size of the Indian navy. China also
operates a powerful fleet of large coast guard ships and what is referred to as
its maritime militia consisting of fishing vessels that cooperate with the
coast guard in asserting territorial claims in the South China Sea.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Beijing has deepened its engagement in the Indian Ocean
mainly through infrastructure deals with India’s neighbors, including
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and most recently the Maldives.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The Chinese are looking for more and more naval bases in
the extended Indian Ocean,” said Lt. Gen. D. S. Hooda, a former Indian military
officer and now a strategic expert. “Seeing that, India doesn’t have any other
option but to keep building up its own.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Maldives government last week gave clearance to a
Chinese research ship to dock in its port. Similar Chinese ships have made port
calls in Sri Lanka in 2022 and 2023 amid fears in India that they could be used
to surveil the region. India's concerns led Sri Lanka earlier this year to
declare a one-year moratorium on foreign research ships entering its waters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Experts say the growing competition with China is energizing
India to acquire more advanced ships, submarines and aircraft and invest more
in technology and infrastructure. The navy’s share of India’s burgeoning
defense budget, which reached $72.6 billion last year, has increased to 19%
from about 14%. The Indian army has traditionally received the lion’s share of
the military budget.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The navy has also built strategic partnerships through
participation in joint exercises with other nations in the region and beyond.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Baruah, who directs the Indian Ocean Initiative at the
Carnegie Endowment, said there is a “need for Delhi’s strategic thinking to be
maritime-oriented, not just as an option for crisis response but as a theater
to advance India’s most pressing geopolitical and strategic priorities in the
Indo-Pacific.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">India, the U.S., Australia and Japan are members of the
Indo-Pacific strategic alliance known as the Quad, which has repeatedly accused
China of flexing its military muscles in the South China Sea and aggressively
pushing its maritime territorial claims. The navies of the four countries
regularly hold drills seen as part of an initiative to counter China’s growing
assertiveness in the Pacific.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159163342">Beijing maintains that its military
is purely defensive to protect what it says are its sovereign rights, and calls
the Quad an attempt to contain its economic growth and influence.</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For Indian naval
planners, the South China Sea remains a top concern, with about 60% of India’s
cargo passing through shipping lanes in the Beijing-dominated region.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159163342;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chawla said India doesn't have “strength to project power
into the South China Sea right now” because of the vast Chinese maritime assets
there.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Frankly, if it comes to a shooting war, India does not
really have the capability and Quad does not have the mandate," he said.
"You know, it’s not a NATO-like alliance yet.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">多年來,中國在印度洋建立了自己的影響力,這是其能源供應的關鍵路線。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">它擁有世界上艦艇數量最多的海軍,是印度海軍規模的三倍多。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國還擁有一支由大型海岸警衛隊船隻組成的強大艦隊,以及由漁船組成的所謂海上民兵部隊,與海岸警衛隊合作維護南海的領土主張。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京主要透過與印度鄰國(包括孟加拉、斯里蘭卡和最近的馬爾</span><span style="font-family: MS Gothic;">代</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">夫)的基礎設施協議加深了在印度洋的參與。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">前印度軍官、現戰略專家</span> D.S. Hooda <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:
<span lang="EN-US">「中國人正在廣闊的印度洋中尋找越來越多海軍基地」。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「看到這一點,印度別無選擇,只能繼續建立自己的海軍基地」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">馬爾代夫政府上週批准一艘中國科考船停靠在其港口。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">由於印度擔心中國船隻可能被用來監視該地區,類似的中國船隻曾在</span>
2022 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年和</span>
2023 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年停靠在斯里蘭卡港口。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度的擔憂導致斯里蘭卡今年稍早宣布暫停外國科考船進入其水域一年。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">專家表示,與中國日益激烈的競爭促使印度購買更先進的艦艇、潛水艇和飛機,並加強對技術和基礎設施的投資。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度迅速成長的國防預算去年達到</span> 726 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億美元,海軍所佔份額已從</span> 14% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">左右增至</span>
19%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度陸軍傳統上獲得了軍事預算的最大份額。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">海軍也透過參與地區及區外其他國家的聯合演習以建立了戰略夥伴關係。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">卡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內基基金會印度洋倡議的負責人 </span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">Baruah
<span lang="EN-US">表示,「德里的戰略思維需要以海洋</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為導向,不僅作為應對危機的一種選擇,而且以印度</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">-<span lang="EN-US">太平洋地區作為推進印度最緊迫的地緣政治和戰略的優先事項」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度、美國、澳洲和日本都是印太戰略聯盟「四方會談」的成員,該聯盟多次指責中國在南海展示軍事實力,並積極推進其海洋領土主張。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">這四個國家的海軍定期舉行演習,被視為對抗中國在太平洋地區日益強勢的舉措的一部分。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">北京堅稱其軍隊純粹是防禦性的,以保護其所謂的主權,並稱四方會談是遏制其經濟成長和影響力的企圖。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">對印度海軍規劃者來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,南中國海仍然是他們最關心的問題,印度約</span> 60% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的貨物都要經過北京主導地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">區的航道。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chawla <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">表示,由於中國在南海擁有大量海上資產,印度「目前沒有實力向南海投射力量」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說:</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">坦率地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,如果要爆發一場戰爭,印度確實沒有能力,四方會談也沒有這授權。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">你知道,它還未是一個類似北約的聯盟。</span>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">So, India is beginning to flex
its naval power in international waters in the Middle East. Yet,
for Indian naval planners, the South China Sea remains a top concern, with
about 60% of India’s cargo passing through shipping lanes in the
Beijing-dominated region. Let’s wait and see how India will invest in its naval
power.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-77931018991109239592024-02-26T08:50:00.000-08:002024-03-26T08:39:28.382-07:00印度隨著與中國的競爭加劇,開始展示其海軍力量 (1/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>India begins to flex its naval power as competition with
China grows (1/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">AIJAZ HUSSAIN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 1, 2024 at 7:26 p.m. PST·5 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SRINAGAR, India (AP) — For decades, India has focused its
defense policy on its land borders with rivals Pakistan and China. Now, as its
global ambitions expand, it is beginning to flex its naval power in
international waters, including anti-piracy patrols and a widely publicized
deployment close to the Red Sea to help protect ships from attacks during Israel’s
war with Hamas.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">India sent three guided missile destroyers and
reconnaissance aircraft in November when Yemen-based Houthi rebels began
targeting ships in solidarity with Hamas, causing disruptions in a key trading
route that handles about 12% of global trade.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The deployment highlights the country as a “proactive
contributor” to international maritime stability, said Vice Adm. Anil Kumar
Chawla, who retired in 2021 as head of India’s southern naval command.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We are not doing it only out of altruism. Unless you are a
maritime power you can never aspire to be a global power,” Chawla said. India,
already a regional power, is positioning itself “as a global player today, an
upcoming global power,” he said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">India is widely publicizing the deployments, signaling its
desire to assume a wider responsibility in maritime security to the world and
its growing maritime ambitions to regional rival China.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“It is a message to China that, look, we can deploy such a
large force here. This is our backyard. Though we don’t own it, but we are
probably the most capable and responsible resident naval power,” Chawla said.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Indian navy has helped at least four ships, three of
which were attacked by Houthi rebels and another that Washington blamed on
Iran, a charge denied by Tehran. It has also conducted several anti-piracy
missions.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Iran-backed Houthi rebels have targeted dozens of ships in
the Red Sea, saying they are seeking a cease-fire in the Gaza Strip. The U.S.
and its allies have responded with multiple rounds of bombings of rebel
positions. India has not joined the U.S.-led force battling the Houthis.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Jan. 26, the Indian guided missile destroyer INS
Visakhapatnam assisted the crew of a Marshall Islands-flagged tanker in
fighting a fire after it was hit by a missile in the Gulf of Aden. About 10
days earlier, the Visakhapatnam responded to a distress call by the U.S.-owned
Genco Picardy merchant vessel following a drone attack in the same waters.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Maritime security has not been a strong pillar of India’s
foreign policy engagements in a way we are beginning to see now,” said Darshana
M. Baruah, a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “China
is a factor in this.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The rivals are already locked in a military standoff along
their disputed border high in the mountains.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度斯利那加(美聯社)</span>- <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">幾十年來,印度一直將國防政策的重點放在與競爭對手巴基斯坦和中國的陸地邊界。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">現在,隨著其全球野心的擴大,它開始在國際水域展示其海軍力量,包括反海盜巡邏以及在紅海附近廣泛宣傳的部署,以幫助保護船隻在以色列與哈馬斯的戰爭期間免受襲擊。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">去年</span> 11 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月,當也門胡塞武裝開始針對船隻以聲援哈馬斯,導致一條佔全球貿易約</span> 12% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">的重要貿易路線中斷時</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">印度派遣了三艘飛彈驅逐艦和偵察機。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2021 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年退休的印度南部海軍司令部司令 </span>Anil Kumar Chawla <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中將表示,這次部署凸顯了印度作為國際海上穩定的「積極貢獻者」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chawla </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「我們這樣做不僅僅是出於利他主義。你永遠無法去渴望成為全球強國除非你是海上強國」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">。他說印度已經是一個地區大國,正在將自己定位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為「當今的全球參與者,即將成為的全球大國」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度正在廣泛宣傳這些部署,顯示其希望在世界海上安全方面承擔更廣泛的責任,以及向作為地區競爭的中國</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">顯示增長中的海上雄心。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Chawla </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">: <span lang="EN-US">「這是向中國傳達的訊息,看看</span>, <span lang="EN-US">我們可以在這裡部署如此龐大的部隊。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這是我們的後院。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">雖然我們不擁有它,但我們可能是最有能力、最負責任的常駐海軍力量」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159829116"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度海軍</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">已經幫助了至少四艘船隻,其中三艘遭到胡塞叛軍的襲擊,另一艘則被華盛頓歸咎於伊朗,但德黑蘭否認了這項指控。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度海軍還執行了多次反海盜任務。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">伊朗支持的胡塞叛軍襲擊了紅海的數十艘船隻,自稱他們正在爭取加沙走廊停火。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">美國及其盟國對叛軍陣地進行了多輪轟炸作為回應。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">印度沒有加入美國領導的打擊胡塞武裝的部隊。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月</span>26<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">日,一艘懸掛馬紹爾群島國旗的油輪在亞丁灣被飛彈擊中後起火</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">印度飛彈驅逐艦</span> INS Visakhapatnam <span lang="EN-US">號協助其船員。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">大約</span>10<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">天前,</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Visakhapatnam <span lang="EN-US">號回應了美國擁有的 </span></span>Genco
Picardy<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">商船在同一水域遭遇無人機襲擊後發出的求救訊號。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">卡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內基國際和平基金會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究員 </span>Darshana
M. Baruah <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示:「有別於我們現在開始看到的情況,一向以來海上安全並未成為印度外交政策的強有力支柱」。「這変化有中國因素」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">雙方軍事對峙已經在高山上有爭議的邊境地區出現。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-64771607397999629972024-02-24T08:50:00.000-08:002024-02-24T08:50:41.721-08:00在 8 公尺深的坑中發現的骨頭可能會「從根本上改變」歐洲人類的歷史 (2/2)<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Bones found in 8-meter-deep pit may ‘fundamentally
change’ history of humans in Europe (2/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Katie Hunt, CNN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 1, 2024 at 12:53 p.m. PST·5 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, the human remains weren’t immediately identifiable
among the hundreds of bone fragments unearthed during the six-year dig. It was
only later the team knew definitively that the layers of sediment that
contained the LRJ stone tools also included humans remains.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The researchers used proteins extracted from bone fragments
to identify animal and human remains they found, a technique known as
palaeoproteomics. It allows scientists to identify human and animal bones when
their form is unclear or uncertain. Using the same technique, the team also
managed to identify human remains among bones excavated during the 1930s.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, the protein analysis was only able to identify the
bones as belonging to hominins — a category that includes Homo sapiens and Homo
neanderthalensis, or Neanderthals. To distinguish between the two, the team was
able to extract fragments of ancient DNA from the 13 human fossils they
identified.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We confirmed that the skeletal fragments belonged to Homo
sapiens,” said study coauthor Elena Zavala, a postdoctoral research fellow at
the University of California, Berkeley, and Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, in the release.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Interestingly, several fragments shared the same
mitochondrial DNA sequences — even fragments from different excavations,”
Zavala added. “This indicates that the fragments belonged to the same
individual or were maternal relatives, linking these new finds with the ones
from decades ago.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Unexpected adaptability</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Radiocarbon dating of the fossils and other artifacts in the
cave suggested that these early humans were living there from around 45,000
years ago, making them the earliest Homo sapiens known to have inhabited
northwestern Europe.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The region would have had a dramatically different climate
then, with conditions typical of steppe tundra such as that found in
present-day Siberia. The dig revealed the presence of reindeer, cave bears,
woolly rhinoceroses and horses. The researchers also concluded that hibernating
cave bears and denning hyenas primarily used the cave, which had only periodic
human presence.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“This shows that even these earlier groups of Homo sapiens
dispersing across Eurasia already had some capacity to adapt to such harsh
climatic conditions,” said coauthor Sarah Pederzani, a postdoctoral fellow at
the University of La Laguna in Spain, who led the paleoclimate study of the
site. “Until recently, it was thought that resilience to cold-climate
conditions did not appear until several thousand years later, so this is a
fascinating and surprising result,” she said, according to the news release.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">William E. Banks, a researcher at the University of Bordeaux
in France, said the studies showed how new methods are allowing archaeologists
to examine sites in unprecedented detail, improving the ability to pinpoint
when a site was occupied.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159315560">The “discoveries provide another
important piece of the puzzle of this culturally and demographically complex
period in Europe,” Banks noted in a commentary published alongside the studies.
However, Banks, who wasn’t involved in the research, added that archaeologists
“must be careful not to generalize findings from one or two sites.”</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He noted that
recent discoveries suggested Neanderthals were more culturally and cognitively
complex than popular stereotypes suggest and that archaeologists should “not
necessarily assume” in all cases that modern humans made more complex styles of
stone tools from that pivotal period before Neanderthals disappeared.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159315560;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(繼續)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">然而,在為期六年的挖掘過程中出土的數百塊骨頭碎片中,無法立即辨認出人類遺骸。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">直到後來,研究團隊才明確知道,含有</span>
LRJ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">石器的沉積物層還包括人類遺骸。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員利用從骨頭碎片中提取的蛋白質來識別他們發現的動物和人類遺骸,這種技術被稱為古蛋白質組學。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">當人類和動物的骨骼形狀不清楚或不確定時,它使科學家能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">夠識別它們。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">使用相同的技術,該團隊還成功地在</span> 20 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">世紀</span> 30 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年代挖掘的骨頭中識別出人類遺骸。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">然而,蛋白質分析只能辨識出這些骨頭屬於別包括智人的古人類和尼安德塔人,或稱為尼人。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為了區分兩者,研究小組成功從他們鑑定的</span>
13 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">塊人類化石中提取了古代</span>
DNA <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">碎段。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究合著者、加州大學柏克萊分校和 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Max Planck <span lang="EN-US">進化人類學研究所的博士後研究員</span></span>
Elena Zavala <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在新聞稿中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">: <span lang="EN-US">「我們證實這些骨骼<a name="_Hlk159254396">碎</a>片屬於智人」。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Zavala <span lang="EN-US">補充道</span>: <span lang="EN-US">「有趣的是,幾個碎段共享相同的粒線體</span></span>
DNA <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">序列</span> - <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">甚至是來自不同發掘的碎段」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「這表明這些碎段屬於同一個人或者是母系親屬,這些新發現聯繫起幾到幾十年前的碎段」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">意想不到的適應性</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">對洞穴中的化石和其他文物進行的放射性碳測年表明,這些早期人類在大約</span> 45,000 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年前就生活在那裡,使他們成為已知居住在歐洲西北部的最早的智人。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">那時該地區有截然不同的氣候,具有典型的草原苔原條件,例如今天的西伯利亞。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">挖掘工作發現了馴鹿、洞熊、披毛犀和馬的存在。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究人員也得出結論,冬眠的洞熊和穴居鬣狗主要使用這個洞穴,而那裡只有週期性的人類出現。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">共同作者、並領導了這掘挖關於古氣候研究的西班牙 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">La Laguna <span lang="EN-US">大學的博士後研究員 </span>Sarah
Pederzani</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">「這表明,即使是這些分佈在歐亞大陸的早期智人群體也已經具備了一定的能力來適應如此惡劣的氣候條件<a name="_Hlk159315158">」</a>。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">據新聞稿稱她</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">:</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「直到最近,人們還認為對寒冷氣候條件<a name="_Hlk159315234">的</a>適應能力要到幾千年後才出現,所以這是一個令人著迷及驚訝的結果」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">法國 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Bordeaux <span lang="EN-US">大學的研究員 </span></span>William E. Banks <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示,這些研究表明,新方法如何讓考古學家能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">夠以前所未有的細節檢查遺址,從而提高查明遺址何時被佔用的能力。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Banks <span lang="EN-US">在與這些研究一起發表的評論中指出,「這些發現為歐洲這個文化和人口複雜時期的拼圖提供了一個重要的部份拼圖」。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">然而,沒有參與這項研究的 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Banks <span lang="EN-US">補充</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說,考古學家 </span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">必須小心,不要將一兩個遺址的發現泛化出去。</span>”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">他指出,最近的發現表明,尼安德塔人在文化和認知上比普遍化的定型更加複雜,考古學家「不一定要假設」在所有情況之下,現代人類在尼安德塔人消失之前的那個關鍵時期已製造了更複雜的石器。</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So,</span> <span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">microscopic
fragments of protein and DNA recovered from bones discovered in 8-meter-deep
cave dirt revealed Neanderthals and humans had likely lived alongside one
another in northern Europe as far back as 45,000 years ago.</span> <span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Yet some
archaeologists have pointed out that we must be careful not to over generalize
findings from one or two sites to say that all cases would be the same.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">During the Last Glacial Maximum, the mammoth steppe, also
known as <b>steppe-tundra (</b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">草原苔原</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">)</span></b>, was once the
Earth's most extensive biome. It stretched east-to-west, from the Iberian
Peninsula in the west of Europe, across Eurasia to North America, through Beringia
(what is today Alaska) and Canada; from north-to-south, the steppe reached from
the arctic islands southward to China. The mammoth steppe was cold and dry, and
relatively featureless, though topography and geography varied considerably
throughout. The steppe is known to be flat and expansive grassland. The
vegetation is dominated by palatable, high-productivity grasses, herbs and
willow shrubs. (Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-8905809798065869372024-02-23T08:53:00.000-08:002024-02-24T08:52:52.908-08:00在8公尺深坑中發現的骨頭可能會「從根本上改變」歐洲人類的歷史 (1/2)<p>Recently Yahoo news on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Bones found in 8-meter-deep pit may ‘fundamentally
change’ history of humans in Europe (1/2)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Katie Hunt, CNN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, February 1, 2024 at 12:53 p.m. PST·5 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Microscopic fragments of protein and DNA recovered from
bones discovered in 8-meter-deep cave dirt have revealed Neanderthals and
humans likely lived alongside one another in northern Europe as far back as
45,000 years ago.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The genetic analysis of the fossils, which were found in a
cave near the town of Ranis in eastern Germany, suggested that modern humans
were the makers of distinctive, leaf-shaped stone tools that archaeologists
once believed were crafted by Neanderthals, the heavily built hominins who
lived in Europe until about 40,000 years ago.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Modern humans, or homo sapiens, weren’t previously known to
have lived as far north as the region where the tools were made.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The Ranis cave site provides evidence for the first
dispersal of Homo sapiens across the higher latitudes of Europe. It turns out
that stone artifacts that were thought to be produced by Neanderthals were, in
fact, part of the early Homo sapiens toolkit,” said research author
Jean-Jacques Hublin, a professor at the Collège de France in Paris and emeritus
director at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,
Germany, in a news release.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“This fundamentally changes our previous knowledge about the
period: Homo sapiens reached northwestern Europe long before Neanderthal
disappearance in southwestern Europe.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The discovery means the two groups, who once interbred and
left most humans alive today with traces of Neanderthal DNA, may have
overlapped for several thousand years. It also shows that Homo sapiens, our
species, crossed the Alps into the cold climes of northern and central Europe
earlier than thought.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Three studies detailing the discoveries and lab analysis
were published Wednesday in the journals Nature and Nature Ecology &
Evolution.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Earliest Homo sapiens fossils found north of the Alps</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk159226444">The style of stone tool found at
Ranis has also been discovered elsewhere across Europe, from Moravia and
eastern Poland to the British Isles, according to the studies. Archaeologists
call the tool style Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician, or LRJ, in reference to
the places where it was first identified.<o:p></o:p></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To identify who
made the artifacts, the team excavated Ilsenhöhle cave near Ranis from 2016 to
2022. When the cave was first excavated in the 1930s, only the tools were found
and analyzed. This time around the team was able to dig deeper and more systematically,
ultimately uncovering human fossils there for the first time.</p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159226444;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal">“The challenge was to excavate the full 8-metre sequence
from top to bottom, hoping that some deposits were left from the 1930s
excavation,” said study coauthor Marcel Weiss, a researcher at
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and the Max Planck Institute
for Evolutionary Anthropology, in a statement. “We were fortunate to find a 1.7
metre thick rock the previous excavators did not get past. After removing that
rock by hand, we finally uncovered the LRJ layers and even found human
fossils.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(to be continued)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">從</span> 8 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">公尺深的洞穴泥土中發現的骨頭中得到的微細殘破蛋白質和</span> DNA <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">表明,尼安德塔人和人類很可能早在</span>
45,000 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年前就在北歐生活在一起。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這些化石是在德國東部 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Ranis <span lang="EN-US">鎮附近的一個洞穴中發現的,對這些化石中的基因分析表明,現代人類是獨特的葉形石器的製造者,考古學家曾一度認為這些石器是由尼安德塔人製作的,尼安德塔人是體型粗大的古人類。直到大約四萬年前,他們一直生活在歐洲。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">人們並不知道現代人類(或智人)先前曾生活在這般北部有製造出工具的地方。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">巴黎法蘭西學院教授、兼德國萊比錫</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span>Max Planck<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">進化人類學研究所的名譽主任</span>
Jean-Jacques Hublin, <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">該</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">研</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">究的作者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">在新聞稿中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">說</span>: <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">「</span>Ranis<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">洞穴遺址首次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">智人曾在歐洲高緯度地區擴散提供了證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">事實證明,被認</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">是由尼安德塔人製造的石製品實際上是早期智人工具包的一部分」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「這從根本上改變了我們之前對該時期的認識:智人早在尼安德塔人在歐洲西南部消失之前就到達了西北歐」。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這項發現意味著,這兩個群體可能已經重疊了數千年,這兩個群體曾經雜交,並為今天的大多數人類留下了尼安塔特人的</span> DNA <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">痕跡。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這也表明,我們智人這個物種</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">,<span lang="EN-US">比想像中更早穿越阿爾卑斯山進入北歐和中歐有特定天氣變化的地方。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">三項詳細介紹這些發現和實驗室分析的研究週三在《自然》和《自然生態與演化》雜誌上發表。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">阿爾卑斯山以北發現最早的智人化石</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究顯示,歐洲其他地方</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">,<span lang="EN-US">從摩拉維亞、波蘭東部到不列顛群島,也發現了 </span>Ranis <span lang="EN-US">的石器風格。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">考古學家將這種工具風格稱為</span>
Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(</span>LRJ<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">),以紀念其首次發現的地點。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">為了找出這些文物的製作者,該團隊於</span> 2016 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年至</span> 2022 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年挖掘了 </span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Ranis <span lang="EN-US">附近的</span></span> Ilsenhöhle <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">洞穴。該洞穴於</span> 1930 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年代首次挖掘時,僅發現並分析了工具。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這一次,團隊能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">夠更深入、更有系統地挖掘,最終在那裡首次發現了人類化石。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">研究共同作者、弗里德里希</span>-<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">亞歷山大埃 爾蘭根</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">-<span lang="EN-US">紐倫堡大學和 </span>Max
Planck <span lang="EN-US">進化人類學研究所的研究員 </span></span>Marcel Weiss <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">在一份聲明中表示:「我們面臨的挑戰是從上到下挖掘全部</span>8
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">公尺的序列,希望能在</span>1930
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">年代的挖掘後仍留下一些遺物」。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">「我們很幸運地發現了一塊</span> 1.7 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">公尺厚的岩石,以前的挖土機沒有穿過。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">在手工清除岩石後,我們終於發現了</span>
LRJ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">層,甚至發現了人類化石」。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(待續)</span><o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-39829861922331893902024-02-22T09:04:00.000-08:002024-02-22T09:04:42.119-08:00 中國令人難以置信的鋼鐵暴跌指向供應過剩的困境<p>Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>China’s Implausible Steel Plunge Points to Oversupply
Dilemma<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bloomberg News<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mon, January 29, 2024 at 5:45 p.m. PST·5 min read<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Bloomberg) -- Did China’s steel industry really get within
a whisker of meeting Beijing’s production cap last year?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If official data are to be believed, 2023 output ended up
barely changed at just over 1 billion tons, thanks to an unprecedented 15%
year-on-year plunge in output in the last month to a six-year low. In data
going back to 2004, it’s only the second time that December has been lower than
November, and never by that margin.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are other indications that what seems too good to be
true often is. Steel analysts, who declined to be named as the matter is
sensitive, are among those pointing to conflicting data: iron ore imports that
hit a record in 2023 without disturbing inventory levels, rising rebar
stockpiles, and increased output of steel products.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s official figures are frequently viewed as
conveniently close to political targets and few challenges are as thorny as
curbing oversupply in the vast and fragmented steel sector. But stir in
President Xi Jinping’s climate goals and the need to preserve employment in an
industry that was loss-making for much of 2023, and steelmakers are left
juggling an often conflicting set of incentives.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“China’s highly competitive steel mills will probably accept
operating losses rather than taking on the much larger cost of full closure,”
said Tom Price, head of commodities strategy at Liberum Capital Ltd. in London.
“Furthermore, an incentive exists for the mills to under-report production, to
avoid government sanctions.”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The order from the National Development and Reform
Commission, China’s top economic planning agency, to reduce or maintain
production at the previous year’s level has been in place since 2021 to curb
overcapacity and the industry’s carbon footprint. The general view in the final
months of 2023 was that steelmakers hadn’t cut enough to get even close to the
annual cap.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The China Iron and Steel Association, which represents the
biggest steelmakers, declined to comment.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The sensitivity around steel extends beyond its obvious
importance as a key building block of the economy. China’s by far the world’s
biggest supplier and producing the alloy is highly polluting and carbon
intensive, accounting for about 15% of the country’s total emissions. Reducing
those is crucial to meeting President Xi Jinping’s climate goals. Meanwhile,
China’s exports, which hit a seven-year high in 2023, have drawn scrutiny over
the years amid accusations that Beijing is prone to dumping its surplus abroad
to the detriment of rivals.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Those rising exports are just one sign of how dismal
domestic conditions have created a glut of steel in China, where demand is
heavily keyed to the crisis-ridden property market.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Limited Stimulus</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">China’s commodities sector has found creative ways in the
past to ensure it hits its targets. Overseas coal purchases recorded in the
last month of 2019 were an astonishingly low 2.8 million tons after ports
delayed cargo clearances, allowing importers to creep under the annual limit at
the time of 300 million tons. In January 2020, imports ballooned to over 43
million tons as the excess shipments were released, setting a monthly record
that stood for almost four years.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Steel mills may be hoping that their excess gets soaked up
once Beijing is forced to unleash massive infrastructure spending to revive
growth. But that’s a big ‘if’ given the parlous state of local government
finances, and the authorities have so far been content to offer only limited
stimulus to sustain the economy. China’s habit of combining January and
February data to smooth out inconsistencies due to an irregular lunar new year
could also be an opportunity to mask any surplus.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk158799823">Officials haven’t said if they’re
looking at whether the steel industry fudged its numbers</a>. Neither the
statistics bureau nor the NDRC responded to requests for comment. But Beijing
has launched a new crackdown on statistical fraud, elevating the issue by
making the Communist Party’s disciplinary body responsible for punishing
manipulation.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And the government’s curbs on production aren’t going away.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“It is likely that another cap on output will be issued by
Chinese policymakers to curb emissions this year,” Capital Economics Ltd. said
in a note.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Translation<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">(彭博)</span>—<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">去年中國鋼鐵業真的已經差不多達到北京的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產量上限了嗎?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">如果官方數據是可信的話,</span>2023 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產量最終幾乎沒有變化,只略高於</span>
10 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億噸,這要歸功於上個月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產量同比前所未有地暴跌</span> 15% <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">至六年來的低點。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">從</span>
2004 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年以來的數據來看,這只是</span>
12 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月第二次低於</span>
11 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月,而且從來沒有如此的幅度。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">還有其他跡象表明,看似好得令人難以置信的事情往往是難以相信的。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">由於此事敏感而拒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">絕透露姓名的鋼鐵分析師也指出了<a name="_Hlk159483220">相</a>互矛盾的數據:</span>2023
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年鐵礦石進口量創下歷史新高,但並未影響庫存水平,增加鋼筋網庫存,增加鋼鐵</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產品產量。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國的官方數據常常被認為很接近政治目標,而很少有比去遏制龐大而分散的鋼鐵業的供應<a name="_Hlk159483338">過</a>剩更的挑戰加棘手。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但隨著習近平主席的氣候目標</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">和保住</span></span>2023<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年大部分時間虧損的行業的就業需要,鋼鐵製造商不得不在一系列經常相互衝突的激勵措施之間作出周旋。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">倫敦</span> Liberum Capital Ltd. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">大宗商品策略主管 </span>Tom Price <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">表示:</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">有高度競爭激力的中國的鋼廠可能會接受經營虧損,而去避開承擔全面關閉<a name="_Hlk157525404">的</a>更大代價。</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">”</span> “<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">此外,工廠有動機低報</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產量以避免政府的制裁。</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國最高經濟規劃機構國家發展和改革委員會自</span> 2021 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年起就下令減少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產量或維持上年水平,以遏制產能過剩和產業碳足跡。</span> 2023 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年最後幾個月的普遍觀點是,鋼鐵製造商的減</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產力度還不足以接近年度上限。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">代表最大鋼鐵製造商的中國鋼鐵工業協會拒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">絕置評。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">圍繞鋼鐵的敏感性</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">超出了其作為經濟關鍵組成部分的明顯重要性。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國是迄今為止世界上最大的<a name="_Hlk157525804">供應</a>國,其生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產的合金污染嚴重,碳排放量大,約佔全國總排放量的</span>15%<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">減少這些對於實現習近平主席的氣候目標至關重要。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">同時,中國的出口在</span>2023<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年創下七年來的新高,因為有人指責北京傾向於將其過剩供應傾銷到海外,損害競爭對手的利益</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">, <span lang="EN-US">這多年來一直受到密切關注,。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">這些出口上升只是國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;">內情況嚴峻造成中國鋼鐵過剩的一個跡象,而中國的鋼鐵需求在很大程度上取決於飽受危機困擾的房地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產市場。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";"><b>有限度的刺激</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國的大宗商品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產業過去已經找到了有創意的方法來確保實現目標。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">由於港口延遲貨物清關,</span>2019<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年最後一個月的海外煤炭採購量驚人地低至</span>280<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬噸,使得進口商的採購量低於了當時</span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">億噸的年度限額。</span>
2020<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">年</span>1<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">月,隨著超額貨量的釋放,進口量激增至超過</span>4300<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">萬噸,創下近四年來的月度紀錄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">鋼廠可能希望,如果當北京一旦被迫開放大規模基礎設施支出以重振經濟成長時,其過剩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產能就能被吸收。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">但鑑於地方政府財政狀況不佳,這只是一個很大的 </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“</span><a name="_Hlk159483871"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">如果</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk159483871;"></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">”</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";"> <span lang="EN-US">,而且當局迄今為止只滿足於僅提供有限的刺激措施來維持經濟。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國習慣將一月和二月的數據合併起來,以消除農曆新年不規則造成的不一致,這也可能是掩蓋過剩的機會。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">官員尚未表示他們是否正在調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">查鋼鐵業是否捏造了數據。</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">國家統計局和國家發展委員會均未回應置評請求。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">但北京發起了新一輪打擊統計造假的行動,令共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;">產黨的紀檢機構負責懲罰操縱的行為提升了這問題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">政府對生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產的限制也不會消失。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Capital Economics Ltd. <span lang="EN-US">在一份報告中表示:</span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中國政策制定者今年可能會再次出台</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">產量上限,以抑制排放。</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">So, China’s intention to reduce
or maintain steel production at the previous year’s level has been in place
since 2021. The general view in the final months of 2023 was that steelmakers
hadn’t cut enough to get close to the annual cap set by the authority. Steel
mills may be hoping that their excess production can be soaked up once Beijing
is forced to unleash massive infrastructure spending to revive growth. Officials
haven’t said if they’re looking at whether the steel industry is manipulating
the numbers, yet I think the steel industry in China may have a hard time
ahead.<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2707637066860142845.post-88957242971900067522024-02-21T09:01:00.000-08:002024-02-21T09:01:34.923-08:00China to strengthen patriotic education; new law goes into effect on New Year's Day (2/2)<p><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">Recently Yahoo News on-line reported the following:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国、愛国教育を強化へ 元日に新法施行 (2/2)</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2024.01.28 Sun posted at 11:30 JST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(continue)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk157672286"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">あらゆる階層に向けた愛国主義カリキュラム</span><o:p></o:p></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk157672286;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">新法の下では、科学者からアスリートまで、全ての専門家は、「国に栄光をもたらす愛国的感情や行動」を国民に啓蒙(けいもう)するよう促されている。</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk157672286;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">また地方当局は、博物館や中国の伝統的な祭りといった文化財を活用して「国と家族への思いを高める」こと、そしてニュース報道、放送、映画を通じて愛国主義教育を強化することが義務付けられている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">さらに宗教団体も、「教団職員や信者たちの愛国的感情や法の支配への意識を高める」ことが求められている。中国政府は、宗教の「中国化」を推進するとともに、宗教に対する規制を強化しており、この規定はそうした動きとも一致する。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国政府は、今回の新法制定以前にもさまざまな取り組みを行っており、16年には教育部が、学校教育の全ての段階、側面において全般的な愛国主義教育の導入を義務付ける命令を出した。この命令が、今回の新しい統一法の主要な部分を担っている。</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">また、子どもから大人まで、全ての人々が「新しい社会主義思想を学べる」スマートフォン用アプリも開発され、9000万人の共産党員全員と、多くの国有企業の従業員がアプリの使用を義務付けられた。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">また新法では、「あらゆる教育機関の全ての学年において」教科や教材に愛国主義教育を盛り込み、さらに家庭でも親が子どもたちに愛国的な活動に参加するよう促すことが義務付けられている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">「これは習氏の権力強化と関係している。習氏は、早い段階から愛国主義教育を始めたいと考えている」と語るのはシンガポール国立大学リークアンユー公共政策大学院のアルフレッド・ウー准教授だ。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">ウー氏は、今回の新法制定の目的は二つあり、一つは幼少期から習氏への忠誠心を育むこと、そしてもう一つは、過去10年の好景気を経て、今、中国政府は習氏の権力の強化に重点を置いているというメッセージをより多くの人々に発信することにある、と指摘する。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">また同新法は、博物館や図書館といった文化施設を愛国主義教育の活動の場に変えること、また観光地を「愛国心をかき立てる」場所に変えること、の2点も義務付けている。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">各学校に対しても、生徒たちがこれらの場所を訪れる遠足や修学旅行を計画するよう求めており、当局者はこれらの旅行を「政治とイデオロギーの歩く教室」と呼んでいる。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国では過去にもこのような遠足や修学旅行は一般的に行われていたが、今回の新法の制定により、各学校にそのような旅行を計画する法的義務が課されることになった。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">中国の非愛国的行動の禁止を目的とした法律は他にもあり、例えば、国旗の冒とくや兵士への侮辱も法律で禁止されている。また最近の習政権の下では、政府に異議を唱えただけで(例えば、ネット上で党の路線に反するコメントをしただけでも)当局に目を付けられる。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">しかし、今回施行された新法は、現行法では処罰の対象ではない行為に対する罰則の導入を示唆しているようだ、とニュージーランドのビクトリア大学ウェリントン校の上級法律講師、葉瑞萍氏は指摘する。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">例えば、同法は「侵略、戦争、虐殺を擁護、賛美、否定する行動」や「愛国主義教育施設を損なう行為」は処罰の対象となりうると定めているという。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">Translation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(continue)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Patriotism curriculum for all walks of life<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Under the new law, all professionals, from scientists to
athletes, would be encouraged to educate the public on "patriotic
sentiments and actions that bring glory to the country."<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Local authorities would be mandatorily required to use
cultural assets such as museums and traditional Chinese festivals to
"enhance feelings of country and family," and to strengthen patriotic
education through news reports, broadcasts and films.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Furthermore, religious organizations would also be required
to "enhance patriotic sentiments and awareness of the rule of law among
their staff and members." The Chinese government was promoting the
``Sinicization'' of religion and tightening restrictions on religion, and these
rules would be consistent with such a movement.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Chinese government had undertaken various initiatives
prior to enacting this new law, and in 2016 the Ministry of Education issued an
order requiring the introduction of general patriotic education at all stages
and aspects of school education. This order would be the main part of a new
unified law.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, a smartphone app would be developed to allow everyone,
from children to adults, to "learn new socialist ideas," and all 90
million Communist Party members and employees of many state-owned enterprises would
be required to use the app.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The new law also required patriotic education to be included
in subjects and teaching materials "in all academic years and in all
educational institutions," and at home for parents to encourage their
children to participate in patriotic activities.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Alfred Wu, associate professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of
Public Policy at the National University of Singapore said "This has to do
with Mr. Xi's consolidation of power. Mr. Xi wants to start patriotic education
from an early stage."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mr. Wu said that the purpose of enacting this new law would
be twofold: one would be to foster loyalty to Mr. Xi from childhood, and the
other would be that after the economic boom of the past 10 years, now the
Chinese government was aiming at sending a message to more people that the
government was focused on consolidating the power of Mr. Xi.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also, in the same new law two points were made mandatory, cultural
facilities such as museums and libraries to be transformed into places for
patriotic education activities, and tourist spots to be transformed into places
that would "stir up patriotism."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Schools were also asked to plan field trips and school trips
for students to visit these locations, which officials called "walking
classrooms of politics and ideology."</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although such field trips and school trips had been common
in China in the past, the new law placeed a legal obligation on each school to
plan such trips.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There were other existing laws aimed at prohibiting
unpatriotic behavior in China, such as desecrating the national flag and
insulting soldiers. Furthermore, under the recent Xi administration, even just
to challenge the government (for example, making comments online that go
against the party line) might draw the attention of the authorities.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yet, the new law appeared to introduce penalties for actions
that were not punishable under current law, said Ruiping Ye (<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">葉瑞萍</span><span style="font-family: "MS Gothic";">)</span>, a
senior law lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For example, the law stipulated that "acts that
advocate, glorify, or deny aggression, war, or genocide" or "acts
that damage patriotic educational facilities" could be punishable.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, CCP
is further enhancing its grip over the thinking and behavior of the people. Indeed,
CCP has been doing all kinds of control in the past and I am interested to know
why there is a new need to double down it. Is CCP feeling some danger, due to
the deteriorating economic situation in China, or preparing a new level of
argument with the US over the Taiwan Strait? Or, preparing to escalate the
dispute with India, the Philippines and Vietnam over the sovereignty issues?<o:p></o:p></p>winghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02290119697740274432noreply@blogger.com0